The US National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism

T H E U.S . NA T I O N A L S T R A T E G Y T O C O U N T E R AN T I S E M I T I S M

THE U.S. NATIONAL

STRATEGY TO COUNTER

ANTISEMITISM

MAY 2023

May 25, 2023

Six years ago, Neo-Nazis marched from the shadows through Charlottesville, Virginia, chanting,

“Jews will not replace us.” With torches in hand, they spewed the same antisemitic bile and hate

that were heard across Europe in the 1930s. What happened in Charlottesville—the horror of that

moment, the violence that followed, and the threat it represented for American democracy—

drove me to run for President. The very soul of our Nation was hanging in the balance. It still is

today.

Repeated episodes of hate—including numerous attacks on Jewish Americans—have since

followed Charlottesville, shaking our moral conscience as Americans and challenging the values

for which we stand as a Nation. That is why I convened the first-ever United We Stand Summit

at the White House in September 2022: to bring communities from across the country together to

combat hate in all its forms—including the persistent scourge of antisemitism—that has long

plagued our Nation. We must stand united—regardless of our backgrounds and beliefs—to

affirm that an attack on any one group of us is an attack on us all and that hate can have no safe

harbor in America.

Together, we must acknowledge and confront the reality that antisemitism is rising, both at home

and abroad. Loud voices are normalizing this venom, but we must never allow it to become

normal. Antisemitism threatens not only the Jewish community, but all Americans. People who

peddle these antisemitic conspiracy theories and fuel racial, ethnic, and religious hatred against

Jews also target other communities—including Black and brown Americans; Asian Americans,

Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders; LGBTQI+ individuals; Muslim Americans; women and

girls; and so many others. Our intelligence agencies have determined that domestic terrorism

rooted in white supremacy—including antisemitism—is the greatest terrorist threat to our

Homeland today.

By seeking to turn the masses against the few, by scapegoating and dehumanizing others—and

most of all—by stoking violence, the perpetrators of hate aim to upend our most cherished values

and undermine our efforts to build a culture of respect, peace, and cooperation. Protecting the

Jewish community from antisemitism is essential to our broader fight against all forms of hate,

bigotry, and bias—and to our broader vision of a thriving, inclusive, and diverse democracy.

History teaches that hate never fully goes away; it only hides until it is given just a little oxygen.

That is why we must confront antisemitism early and aggressively whenever and wherever it

emerges from the darkness.

Toward that aim, my Administration has developed the first U.S. National Strategy to Counter

Antisemitism. It represents the most ambitious and comprehensive U.S. government-led effort to

fight antisemitism in American history. It also brings Americans together—regardless of our

backgrounds and beliefs—to stand united against the hate, racism, bigotry, and violence that

have long haunted our Nation. The Strategy outlines a whole-of-society effort to combat

antisemitism, including unprecedented, coordinated, and bold actions that will be implemented

across government agencies, as well as calls to action for public officials, private sector leaders,

and Americans from every sector, industry, and walk of life. The Strategy—which reflects input

from over 1,000 Jewish community stakeholders, faith and civil rights leaders, State and local

officials, and more—also serves as a blueprint for tackling other forms of bigotry, hate, and bias

that fuel toxic divisions in America.

Fortunately, what the Neo-Nazi marchers in Charlottesville did not account for was the

extraordinary decency of the vast majority of Americans and the simple truth that we are a great

Nation because we are a good people. A people that derives strength from our diversity and from

the commitment of each successive generation to push us closer to realizing the promise of

America for all Americans. It is a promise founded on the belief that we are all created equal and

deserve to be treated equally throughout our lives. While we have never fully lived up to that

promise, we have never walked away from it either. And we will never stop fighting until we all

see each other as we should—as fellow human beings.

Through this U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism, we are taking a historic step

forward. I am proud to lead my Administration’s efforts to counter antisemitism, and I urge all

Americans to join me in ensuring that in America, evil will not win. Hate will not prevail. The

venom and violence of antisemitism will not be the story of our time. The power lies within each

of us to transform that story. To rise together against hate. To show the world who we are. And

to restore the soul of America together.

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Legal Disclaimer

The U.S National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism does not supersede, modify, or direct an

interpretation of any existing federal, state, or local statute, regulation, or policy. It does not

constitute binding guidance for the public, states, localities, or Federal agencies and therefore

does not require compliance with the principles described herein. The strategy does not purport

to alter or preempt existing statutes, regulations, policies, or the requirements of the Federal,

state, or local agencies that enforce them. The strategy shall therefore be implemented consistent

with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

Nothing in this strategy shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect or influence the authority

of the Department of Justice, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in the performance

of their responsibilities with regard to the direction, conduct, control, planning, investigation,

organization, equipment training, exercises, or other activities concerning counterterrorism,

intelligence, and law enforcement activities. Such activities are outside the scope of the strategy.

This strategy should also therefore not be construed to discuss or comment on any ongoing

federal litigation or investigation.

The appropriate application of the principles set forth in the strategy depends significantly on the

context in which the principles are being applied. In some circumstances, application of these

principles in whole or in part may not be appropriate. Even in contexts where these principles

may not apply in whole or in part, federal departments and agencies remain subject to existing

laws, regulations, and policies.

The strategy is not intended to, and does not, create any legal right, benefit, or defense,

substantive or procedural, enforceable by law or in equity by any party against the United States,

its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person, nor

does it constitute a waiver of sovereign immunity.

 
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5 
Table of Contents 
Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 6 
Framing the Challenge and Solution........................................................................................... 8 
Our Strategic Approach ............................................................................................................. 11 
Pillar 1: Increase Awareness and Understanding of Antisemitism, Including its Threat to 
America, and Broaden Appreciation of Jewish American Heritage ...................................... 13 
Strategic Goal 1.1—School-Based Education
 .......................................................................... 
13 
Strategic Goal 1.2—Outside of the Classroom
 ......................................................................... 
17 
Strategic Goal 1.3—Research
 ................................................................................................... 
22 
Pillar 2: Improve Safety and Security for Jewish Communities ............................................ 23 
Strategic Goal 2.1— Data Collection
 ....................................................................................... 
23 
Strategic Goal 2.2—Combatting Hate Crimes
 .......................................................................... 
25 
Strategic Goal 2.3—Physical Security
 ...................................................................................... 
28 
Strategic Goal 2.4—Threat Information-Sharing
 ..................................................................... 
29 
Strategic Goal 2.5—Community-Based Prevention Efforts
 ...................................................... 
30 
Strategic Goal 2.6—Support for Victims of Attacks
 .................................................................. 
32 
Strategic Goal 2.7—Addressing Foreign Support for Antisemitism
 ......................................... 
33 
Pillar 3: Reverse the Normalization of Antisemitism and Counter Antisemitic 
Discrimination ............................................................................................................................. 35 
Strategic Goal 3.1—Speaking Out Against Antisemitism
 ......................................................... 
35 
Strategic Goal 3.2—Tackling Antisemitism Online
 .................................................................. 
37 
Strategic Goal 3.3—Digital and Media Literacy and Civics Education
................................... 
39 
Strategic Goal 3.4—K-12 Schools and College Campuses
....................................................... 
40 
Strategic Goal 3.5—Federal Nondiscrimination Laws
 ............................................................. 
43 
Strategic Goal 3.6—Access to Government Programs and Religious Accommodations
 ......... 
46 
Pillar 4: Build Cross-Community Solidarity and Collective Action to Counter Hate ......... 48 
Strategic Goal 4.1—Cross-Community, Solidarity-Building Efforts
 ........................................ 
49 
Strategic Goal 4.2—Multi-Faith Partnerships
.......................................................................... 
51 
The Way Forward ....................................................................................................................... 53 
Appendix ...................................................................................................................................... 54 
Endnotes....................................................................................................................................... 57 
 

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T H E U.S . NA T I O N A L S T R A T E G Y T O CO U N T E R AN T I S E M I T I S M

Overview

Hate and the violence it fuels are on the rise in America. Hate crimes, targeted violence, and acts

of harassment—including online abuse—have increased in recent years, eroding our democracy,

decreasing public trust, and putting so many American communities at risk.

We have seen this

unfold from bomb threats at Historically Black Colleges and Universities, to rising hate crimes

against Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AANHPIs) fueled by the

COVID-19 pandemic, to escalating threats against women and LGBTQI+ Americans, to

persistent bias and violence against Muslim, Sikh, and South Asian communities, to harassment

of Jews and attacks on Jewish communities.

Antisemitism is often called “the oldest hatred,” yet it remains all too present today—including

in America. Acts of antisemitism are on the rise—including online harassment, vandalism, bomb

threats, and violent attacks against Jewish institutions and Jewish people.

In 2022, Federal

Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Director Christopher Wray noted that American Jews account for

2.4% of the U.S. population, but antisemitism drove 63% of reported religiously motivated hate

crimes.

Perhaps most alarming, antisemitism has become increasingly “normalized” in

American society.

While antisemitism most directly and intensely affects the American Jewish community,

antisemitism also threatens the democracy, values, safety, and rights of all Americans. The

hatred of Jews shares much in common with other forms of hate, such as racism, Islamophobia,

homophobia, transphobia, and misogyny; it also has unique characteristics that require tailored

responses and can manifest distinctively. While many American Jews identify as a vulnerable

minority group, especially as antisemitism surges, Jews tend to be assailed for having too much

privilege or too much power. This is a persistent feature of antisemitism: it rests on a conspiracy

theory.

At its core, antisemitism, like numerous forms of hate, divides Americans by

scapegoating certain people, erodes our trust in government and social institutions, threatens our

democracy, and undermines our core values of freedom, community, and decency. Thus, it is

imperative that Americans of all backgrounds and beliefs work together to counter this scourge

with urgency.

This strategy represents the most comprehensive and ambitious U.S. government effort to

counter antisemitism in American history. To implement this strategy, executive agencies will

take a broad array of actions to address antisemitism. But the federal government cannot address

antisemitism alone. This strategy also calls on Congress to act and play its part in countering

antisemitism. It urges action from all of society—state and local authorities, civil society,

community and faith leaders, the private sector, individual citizens. This strategy advances a

whole-of-society approach to countering antisemitism, resting on four pillars:

1: Increase awareness and understanding of antisemitism, including its threat to America,

and broaden appreciation of Jewish American heritage.

2: Improve safety and security for Jewish communities.

3: Reverse the normalization of antisemitism and counter antisemitic discrimination.

4: Build cross-community solidarity and collective action to counter hate.

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This U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism calls for action now and over the long term.

The Biden-Harris Administration is committed to leading its effective implementation and

leveraging it to advance our fight against all other forms of hate.

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Framing the Challenge and Solution

For over 2,000 years, Jews have been targeted for persecution and violence for their practices,

their beliefs, their identity—even their very existence. They have been driven from their homes

and barred from certain jobs or compelled to take others. They have been denied citizenship and

forced into ghettos. They have been scapegoated en masse and systematically killed.

Antisemitism has enabled some of the darkest moments in history, including the Nazi campaign

to exterminate the Jewish people during the Holocaust.

For centuries, the United States has been a refuge for Jews fleeing antisemitism. Throughout

American history, Jews from around the world have sailed to our shores in search of sanctuary.

Jews found a home here and have shaped the story of our country through invaluable and

ongoing contributions to American arts, culture, law, justice, business, medicine, sports, science,

freedom, equality, and so much more. They fought for religious freedom, helping define one of

America’s bedrock principles. Jewish suffragists worked to expand freedom and justice and

Jewish faith leaders linked arms with giants of the Civil Rights Movement to demand equal

rights for all.

But the United States has not been immune from the scourge of antisemitism. White supremacy,

prejudice and bigotry, and conspiratorial thinking have fueled antisemitic discrimination and

violence throughout American history.

In the fallout from the financial panic of 1893, populists adopted antisemitism as part of their

campaign against banks. In the early twentieth century, as Black Americans were frequently

targeted by violence and lynching, the 1913 lynching of Leo Frank, a 31-year-old Jewish factory

owner in Georgia, contributed to the reemergence of the KKK.

As the KKK inflicted horrific

violence and terror on Black Americans, it also targeted and sought to portray Jewish and

Catholic Americans, among others, as threats to the Nation.

In the 1920s, various white-collar

professions restricted Jews from entering certain fields, and many universities imposed Jewish

quotas.

Antisemitism spiked during the 1920s and 1930s when right-wing populists, including Father

Charles Coughlin, spread antisemitic conspiracy theories.

As World War II broke out, the

isolationist movement in the United States spread accusations that Jewish financiers were

secretly driving U.S. policy—a view advocated by the prominent airplane pioneer Charles

Lindbergh.

The Nazis borrowed from Jim Crow laws to implement the Nuremberg Laws that

isolated Jews as a separate race, before initiating the Holocaust to eradicate the Jewish people, as

well as murder Roma and Sinti, Black, LGBTQI+, and Slavic people, people with disabilities,

and other religious minorities.

Despite some knowledge of Nazi atrocities, the United States

government did not ease immigration quota restrictions on Jews, and even turned away Jewish

refugees fleeing from the Nazis.

Antisemitism in the U.S. is now on the rise again. As in previous eras, demographic changes,

new technologies, economic disruptions and deepening socioeconomic inequality may be leading

more Americans to turn to conspiracy theories that scapegoat Jews and other vulnerable

communities. Violent attacks against Jews are increasing at a time when hate crimes and other

acts of targeted violence against many communities have risen.

Verbal harassment, bomb

threats, and vandalism against Jewish people, synagogues, and community institutions such as

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Jewish day schools and community centers, remain prevalent.

Tragically, these antisemitic

incidents are all too often deadly. Moreover, acts of violence animated by antisemitic beliefs

frequently target other communities. Violent extremists who perpetrate these attacks against

Jewish communities and other targeted groups often subscribe to white supremacist conspiracy

theories like the so-called “great replacement theory.”

Indeed, antisemitic conspiracy theories

are often foundational to white supremacy as well as numerous other violent extremist

ideologies. For example, in January 2022, an armed hostage-taker motivated by other violent

notions terrorized the members of a synagogue in Colleyville, Texas.

Although high-profile incidents of antisemitism have drawn much attention, antisemitism has

become a widespread, consistent threat. Surveys and reports from civil society actors reach

similar conclusions.

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) recorded 3,697 antisemitic incidents

in 2022—an increase of 36% over 2021 and the highest number since the ADL began tracking

these numbers in 1979.

The ADL estimates that 36% of Jews experienced antisemitic

harassment online in 2021.

In addition, during the COVID-19 pandemic, antisemitic conspiracy

theories surfaced suggesting that Jews or the government of Israel spread the coronavirus to

advance global influence.

Elected officials and others even made antisemitic comparisons

between the Holocaust and public health measures.

The American Jewish community is diverse, and Jews from a wide variety of backgrounds and

identities face hate and antisemitism. That includes Jews who adhere to different levels of

religious observance or denominations of practice, Jews of color, first-generation Americans,

LGBTQI+ Jews, Jews with disabilities, Jews who live in urban and rural communities, Jews of

different political affiliations, and Jews of different socioeconomic and income levels. Though

there are many ways of being Jewish, any Jew or anyone perceived to be Jewish can be the target

of antisemitism.

Jewish communities impacted by antisemitic discrimination and violence are increasingly

concerned about their safety. As antisemitism has spread widely, it has caused a deep sense of

fear and anxiety in many Jewish Americans’ daily lives. Jews are targeted going to synagogue

and to school. Countless Jewish institutions across the country are now under armed guard,

prompting profound anxiety in the communities they serve. Some traditionally observant Jews,

especially traditional Orthodox Jews, are victimized while walking down the street. Jewish

students and educators are targeted for derision and exclusion on college campuses, often

because of their real or perceived views about the State of Israel. When Jews are targeted

because of their beliefs or their identity, when Israel is singled out because of anti-Jewish hatred,

that is antisemitism. And that is unacceptable.

In recent months, celebrities, athletes, and politicians have used their influential platforms to

deny the Holocaust, elevate bigots, and spread antisemitic conspiracy theories.

These

viewpoints are not just reprehensible, they are dangerous.

History shows that we cannot allow antisemitism to fester. Where antisemitism and other forms

of hatred are left to rage, democracy and American values are at risk. So too are freedom,

security, and stability. Antisemitism, like numerous forms of hate, seeks to divide Americans

from one another. It undermines our democracy and erodes trust in government, social

institutions, and the basic values of our society. Antisemitism is not only a threat to Jewish

Americans; it is a threat to all of us.

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As President George Washington wrote to the Touro Synagogue in 1790, “[T]he Government of

the United States, which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance requires only

that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens…May the

Children of the Stock of Abraham, who dwell in this land, continue to merit and enjoy the good

will of the other Inhabitants; while everyone shall sit in safety under his own vine and fig tree,

and there shall be none to make him afraid.”

Now, again, we must recall our historic national obligation to ensure people of all faiths and

traditions are free to practice their faith and live their cultural identities without fear of

persecution. We must confront antisemitism in America with urgency. This national strategy sets

forth the plan to do so.

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Our Strategic Approach

Countering antisemitism demands a whole-of-society effort that both meets this moment of

escalating hatred and lays the foundation for reducing antisemitism over time, addressing the

challenge of antisemitism as both urgent and enduring. Our efforts must be grounded in bringing

together Americans from all backgrounds and beliefs to spark allyship, unity, and collective

action.

To develop this strategy, we held listening sessions with more than 1,000 diverse stakeholders

across the Jewish community and beyond. These sessions have included Jews from diverse

backgrounds and all denominations. We met at the White House with Special Envoys who

combat antisemitism around the globe to learn from their best practices. We engaged bipartisan

leaders in Congress and from across civil society, the private sector, technology companies, civil

rights leaders, Muslim, Christian, and other faith groups, students and educators, and countless

others. These listening sessions with stakeholders sought their perspectives, analysis, expertise,

and views on how antisemitism manifests today and how we should fight it at every level, from

the national scale to the grassroots. These discussions both provided critical insights into the

experience of antisemitism in America and produced concrete ideas to counter it. They will also

help inform subsequent comprehensive U.S. efforts to combat Islamophobia and related forms of

bias and discrimination.

Although antisemitism remains a pernicious global problem, the scope of this national strategy is

domestic. The strategy is focused on countering the threat and manifestations of antisemitism in

the United States of America. The U.S. Government, led by the Department of State, will

continue to combat antisemitism abroad and in international fora—including efforts to

delegitimize the State of Israel.

As we confront antisemitism, we do so with profound respect for our democratic traditions,

including free expression and speech protected by the First Amendment. We also do so with an

unshakable commitment to the State of Israel’s right to exist, its legitimacy, and its security. In

addition, we recognize and celebrate the deep historical, religious, cultural, and other ties many

American Jews and other Americans have to Israel.

This strategy directs action across the Administration and calls on Congress, state and local

governments, and nongovernmental entities throughout American society to address both

antisemitism and its root causes in the United States. Each portion of the strategy features actions

that can be taken by the executive branch, by Congress, and by other key actors in American

society to tackle the scourge of antisemitism. We are committed to implementing the steps

outlined for the executive branch expeditiously and effectively. We are, moreover, eager to work

with Congress on the actions that require federal legislative action. And we are improving our

capacity to partner with those outside government contributing to these efforts, including by

making available, as appropriate, information, expertise, and resources. While we cannot require

actors outside the executive branch to take on the roles envisioned for them in this strategy,

combating antisemitism is a truly whole-of-society challenge that demands a whole-of-society

response, and we hope all will join our call to action.

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Every actor and sector must do its part, and the Biden-Harris Administration will lead in

mobilizing this whole-of-society response across four pillars:

• Pillar 1: Increase awareness and understanding of antisemitism, including its threat

to America, and broaden appreciation of Jewish American heritage

• Pillar 2: Improve safety and security for Jewish communities

• Pillar 3: Reverse the normalization of antisemitism and counter antisemitic

discrimination

• Pillar 4: Build cross-community solidarity and collective action to counter hate

T H E U.S . NA T I O N A L S T R A T E G Y T O CO U N T E R AN T I S E M I T I S M

Pillar 1: Increase Awareness and

Understanding of Antisemitism, Including its

Threat to America, and Broaden

Appreciation of Jewish American Heritage

Increasing awareness and understanding of antisemitism must be coupled with a commitment to

broadening appreciation of Jewish American heritage. We must tell the positive story of Jewish

contributions to the United States and the world. Consistent with the Biden-Harris

Administration’s comprehensive approach to advancing equity for all and celebrating the

heritage of America’s many diverse communities, we will also broaden awareness and

understanding of Jewish American heritage.

In order to confront and counter antisemitism, Americans must recognize and understand it. Far

too many do not. Without awareness of antisemitism and education about the threat it poses,

Americans across society cannot identify and address antisemitism. If we cannot name, identify,

and admit a problem, we cannot begin to solve it.

Antisemitism is a stereotypical and negative perception of Jews, which may be expressed as

hatred of Jews. It is prejudice, bias, hostility, discrimination, or violence against Jews for being

Jews or Jewish institutions or property for being Jewish or perceived as Jewish. Antisemitism

can manifest as a form of racial, religious, national origin, and/or ethnic discrimination, bias, or

hatred; or, a combination thereof. However, antisemitism is not simply a form of prejudice or

hate. It is also a pernicious conspiracy theory that often features myths about Jewish power and

control.

There are several definitions of antisemitism, which serve as valuable tools to raise awareness

and increase understanding of antisemitism. The most prominent is the non-legally binding

“working definition” of antisemitism adopted in 2016 by the 31-member states of the

International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), which the United States has embraced.

In addition, the Administration welcomes and appreciates the Nexus Document and notes other

such efforts.

The focus of this national strategy is on actions to counter antisemitism.

Strategic Goal 1.1—Increase School-Based Education about Antisemitism, Including the

Holocaust, and Jewish American Heritage

In 2020, the first 50-state survey on Holocaust knowledge among millennials and Gen Z found

that most young Americans lack basic knowledge of the Holocaust. For example, 63% of survey

respondents did not know that 6 million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust, nearly 60% did

not know what the concentration camp Auschwitz was, and 11% believed that Jews caused the

Holocaust.

We need Holocaust education in schools to correct this lack of knowledge and help

ensure that future generations learn about antisemitism and the history of the Holocaust,

including how and why it happened. Holocaust education should make clear that antisemitism

was the basis of Hitler’s persecution of Jews.

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Twenty-four states have Holocaust education mandates, and the majority of states also include

Holocaust education as part of their state teaching standards.

By congressional mandate, states

and localities set and implement these standards, but the federal government can play a

supporting role. The federal government recently supported such education by enacting the

Never Again Education Act that authorizes the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

(USHMM) to “develop and nationally disseminate accurate, relevant, and accessible resources to

promote understanding about how and why the Holocaust happened.”

Such Holocaust

education should include, for example, instruction on the roles of Nazi racial antisemitism,

longstanding European antisemitism, conspiracy theories, and the propaganda during the

Holocaust, not just the facts of what happened during the 1930s and 1940s that resulted in the

systematic murder of European Jews. It should also include the experiences of Jews living in

North Africa during the Holocaust.

Both antisemitism and Holocaust education specifically can also teach students about hate,

bigotry, racism, and prejudice more broadly. When conducted effectively, Holocaust education

provides enduring lessons for all communities and encourages students to think critically about

their own roles and responsibilities to stand up against hate.

This education enables students to

understand what can happen in a democratic society when hatred goes unchecked, when people

are silent as their neighbors are marginalized and murdered. A compilation of efforts nationwide

will help states and nongovernmental organizations improve and increase teaching about the

Holocaust and antisemitism as well as other forms of hate, bigotry, and genocide.

In addition to learning about the horrors of the Holocaust, students should learn about global

histories of antisemitism. This should include histories of antisemitism experienced by Sephardic

and Mizrahi Jews—who trace their ancestry to Spain, the Middle East, and North Africa—and

their stories of exclusion, persecution, and expulsion. Students should also learn about the history

of antisemitism in the United States as well as contemporary manifestations of antisemitism.

Educators need readily available quality resources to enable such education.

Additionally, more education on Jewish American history and the valuable role that Jews have

played in our national story is needed. This focus on the positive contributions Jews have made

will further help to inoculate young people against antisemitic stereotypes, tropes, and

conspiracy theories.

The Administration applauds the many states, cities, teachers, schools, education centers and

museums, and supporting communities that have made great strides in increasing the quantity

and quality of such educational efforts and encourages more progress in this area.

As the Department of Education has noted:

Education is mainly a state and local responsibility in the United States. When the U.S. Department of Education

was created, Congress made clear that the secretary of education and other department officials are prohibited from

imposing “any direction, supervision, or control over the curriculum program of instruction, administration, or

personnel of any educational institution, school, or school system.”(20 USC 3403). It is left to the states to create

standards while states and local agencies develop curricula. For more, visit www.ed.gov/answers.

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Executive Branch Actions

• In 2024, the USHMM will launch the first-ever U.S.-based Holocaust education

research center. Once the new center is fully operational, it will undertake systematic,

rigorous, and actionable research into teaching and learning about the Holocaust and

study the impact and effectiveness of Holocaust education in the U.S. As part of this

effort, the USHMM will conduct ongoing studies that will include state-by-state

profiles of Holocaust education; identification of each state’s resources, activities, and

support for educators; and evaluation of what methods teachers are using that advance

critical thinking about how and why the Holocaust happened, the history of

antisemitism, and its role in enabling the Holocaust. (2024)

• Additionally, the USHMM will:

o Create educational resources and lesson plans to enhance understanding of

antisemitism’s role in the Holocaust. (By May 2024)

o Sponsor professional development trainings for educators to help them

incorporate these resources and content into their curricula across various age

levels, disciplines, course lengths, and learning styles. (By May 2024)

o Launch efforts to significantly expand the number of teachers and students

involved in Holocaust education and ensure that all 50 states and underserved

communities are reached. (By November 2023)

o Complete a two-year national tour of the Americans and the Holocaust

exhibition to public and academic libraries in partnership with the American

Library Association, as well as open applications for a second tour to fifty

additional sites across the country. (By September 2023)

o Convene Department of Education (ED) and state education officials to

discuss best practices in Holocaust education, including the incorporation of

education on antisemitism, and opportunities to expand such education. (By

May 2024)

• The Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) will partner with the

Council of American Jewish Museums to host a summit for museums, libraries, and

archives on countering antisemitism. The summit will focus on building cross-

community solidarity, sharing model resources for educators on teaching about

histories of antisemitism and Jewish American heritage, and developing a collection of

materials and toolkits on countering antisemitism that can be used by community

educators and organizations. (By March 2024)

• The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) will expand its investment in

K-12 education on Jewish history through partnering with independent organizations

and other federal agencies, such as the USHMM and the Smithsonian, to develop

educational materials about Jewish history. Materials will include trainings and other

resources for educators nationwide including content on antisemitism and Jewish

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history on NEH’s EDSITEment website—a widely used resource that provides

teachers, students, and parents with free, high-quality K-12 humanities materials and

lesson plans. (By September 2023)

• ED will award approximately $19 million through the American History and Civics

Education program. These grants will go to eligible applicants to promote innovative

teaching, learning and professional development activities in American history,

government, and civics. This program promotes new and existing evidence-based

strategies to encourage innovative teaching on American history, civics and

government, as well as professional development for teachers, principals, or other

school leaders. (By November 2023)

Calls to Congress

• We call on Congress to fully fund the President’s FY24 Budget request of $73 million

for the Department of Education’s American History and Civics Education programs.

History and civics education is designed to improve the quality of teaching and learning

about American history, civics, and government education. The programs are, in part, to

promote new and innovative evidence-based instruction and professional development

for teachers, principals, or other school leaders. This request includes funding for a new

$50 million initiative to support evidence-based strategies that bring students from

different communities together, enhance understanding of how government works,

promote student engagement and empowerment, and help students develop digital and

media literacy.

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We call on state and local governments to strengthen education on hate-fueled violence

and the impact of discrimination, including through teaching about Jewish history,

antisemitism, and the Holocaust. State and local governments should create opportunities

to educate youth about the Holocaust, especially how and why it happened, and to teach

students to think critically about their own responsibilities to stand up against hate.

• We call on state and local governments to support and work with local and regional

Holocaust education centers and museums that are educating students and teachers about

the Holocaust and antisemitism.

• We call on states to consider creating a Governor’s Council on Holocaust and Genocide

Education. California launched such a council in 2021. The council identifies

instructional resources for teaching about the Holocaust and other acts of genocide and

provides young people with the tools necessary to recognize and respond to on-campus

instances of antisemitism and bigotry. North Carolina has a similar council that provides

teacher workshops and educational resources on the Holocaust, including material on

Holocaust survivors who became North Carolina residents.

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• We call on states to consider conducting studies to assess how effectively school

districts are teaching the Holocaust. For example, in April 2023, New Jersey passed

legislation requiring a state-wide survey on public school education relating to the

Holocaust and genocide, as well as a final report with detailed recommendations for

Holocaust education improvement.

• We call on state and local governments to include Jewish studies in ethnic studies and

history curricula. Lessons should include Jewish history, as well as curricula on positive

Jewish contributions to America, Jewish diversity, and manifestations of contemporary

antisemitism.

• We call on state and local governments to consider using materials published by

Jewish organizations to help students to identify antisemitic tropes, words, and symbols

that often hide in plain sight, as well as learn about how biases can lead to acts of hate,

discrimination, and violence.

Strategic Goal 1.2—Raise Awareness about Antisemitism and Jewish American Heritage

Outside of the classroom, and Increase Workplace Training on Countering Antisemitism

Beyond formal educational settings, government and civil society must increase understanding

and raise awareness about antisemitism, reaching Americans wherever they are. It is essential to

engage people in their communities and through trusted networks and interlocutors to help them

identify and learn about antisemitism. To educate the public about both antisemitism and Jewish

American heritage, we need programming in museums, libraries, and arts and cultural

institutions, as well as dedicated efforts by public figures, community leaders, and media outlets.

Given their audiences, traditional and social media organizations have a special responsibility to

provide credible and accurate information, and to educate the public about targeted hate and

what drives it. Whenever possible, media outlets and content creators should ensure that

materials about Jews address the religious denominational diversity and range of identities and

experiences within the Jewish American community. In the workplace, through education and

training on antisemitism and other forms of discrimination, managers and employees will be

better equipped to recognize and respond to incidents of discrimination and harassment, and

develop more inclusive and equitable workplaces.

Training on antisemitism can help

employees specifically identify when a co-worker is exhibiting antisemitic beliefs and support

employers in responding to antisemitic incidents at work.

Executive Branch Actions

• Federal Agencies will incorporate information about bias and discrimination related to

religion, national origin, race, and ethnicity, including information about antisemitism

and Islamophobia, and about workplace religious accommodations into training

programs as they carry out their obligations under Executive Order 14035 (Executive

Order on Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility in the Federal Workforce).

(By November 2023)

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• The Office of Personnel Management (OPM), Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission (EEOC), and White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

will conduct learning sessions for agency diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility

(DEIA) officers on antisemitism and related forms of discrimination as well as

workplace religious accommodations. (By November 2023)

• The Department of Labor (DOL) will develop and disseminate model resources such

as palm cards for unions on how to recognize antisemitism and other forms of

discrimination and how countering antisemitism and other discrimination relates to

workers’ rights. (By September 2023)

• AmeriCorps will distribute resources on antisemitism and countering antisemitism

through its national service programs. (By September 2023)

• The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) will develop educational programs that

highlight the diversity of the veteran population, including the contributions of Jewish

veterans and Jewish VA employees. VA will share these programs with local veteran

groups across the country and encourage all veterans to speak out against antisemitic

and other hate-based incidents and attacks. (By September 2023)

• Federal agencies will organize or participate in communications or events marking

International Holocaust Remembrance Day (January 27) and Jewish American History

Month. (By May 2023)

• The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) will launch a campaign featuring

artists who engage, unite, and heal communities through the arts, and who incorporate

themes of countering antisemitism and other forms of hate in their artistic practice. (By

September 2023)

• The President’s Committee on the Arts and Humanities will help raise awareness

and support efforts to educate the public about antisemitism and other forms of hate.

To do so, it will leverage its platform, members’ expertise, and new partnerships and

coordination with the private sector and civil society. (By September 2023)

• The Department of the Interior (DOI) will highlight new resources on Jewish

American contributions to American history and disseminate the content through the

National Park Service (NPS) website and mobile app. DOI will also integrate Jewish

American history and histories of American antisemitism into planning for the United

States Semiquincentennial commemoration in 2026. (By September 2023)

• IMLS will increase learning opportunities in rural libraries and museums on both

Jewish American history, such as Jewish contributions to agriculture, and histories of

antisemitism, including the Holocaust. (By March 2024)

• The Small Business Administration (SBA) will connect small business owners with

community-based organizations to provide training and resources for owners and

employees on preventing and responding to incidents of antisemitism, Islamophobia,

and other forms of hate. (By September 2023)

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• VA will incorporate training on countering antisemitism, anti-Muslim bias, anti-Sikh

bias, and related forms of bias and discrimination into its Community Clergy Training

Program, which teaches VA chaplains how to respond to and connect with veterans.

(By September 2023)

• DOI will train NPS employees, such as rangers and guides, to identify and counter

antisemitism and other forms of hate. (By November 2023)

• The Department of Agriculture (USDA) will provide educational opportunities for

law enforcement agents of the U.S. Forest Service to learn how to identify and counter

antisemitic, Islamophobic, and related forms of discrimination. (By September 2023)

Calls to Congress

• We call on members of Congress, individually and in bipartisan groups, to continue

to speak out about combating antisemitism, including through efforts to educate their

constituents.

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We call on state and local leaders to speak out about combating antisemitism, including

through efforts to educate their constituents. They should also use International Holocaust

Remembrance Day and Jewish American Heritage Month to raise awareness of

antisemitism and Jewish American history. They should celebrate the positive

contributions Jewish Americans have made to their communities and to our Nation.

• We call on states and localities to offer trainings to help people understand Jewish

communities, antisemitism, and ways to counter antisemitism in their neighborhoods. For

example, New York City has a training called, “Understanding Jewish Experiences and

Antisemitism,” to develop cultural competence and understanding of the city’s diverse

Jewish communities. (For further details, see Appendix A: New York City Training —

“Understanding Jewish Experiences and Antisemitism.”) Such trainings can also focus on

specific professions and partner with local museums or educational institutions. For

example, the USHMM runs programs to teach law enforcement, military personnel, and

judges about the central role these professions played in the Holocaust. These programs

give law enforcement, military personnel, and judges the opportunity to learn about

antisemitism and reflect on their own roles in a democratic society today. The

Administration urges states and localities to adapt such trainings for their communities.

• We call on employers—including states, cities, K-12 schools, institutions of higher

education, private companies, and non-profits—to review their own diversity, equity,

inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) programs to ensure full inclusion of antisemitism

awareness and training as well as workplace religious accommodation requirements and

best practices to prevent religious discrimination. For example, after a recent incident

involving a local law enforcement officer who had a history of antisemitic remarks, the

City of Cleveland began training officers within the Cleveland Division of Police in

understanding Jewish experiences and recognizing antisemitism.

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• We call on employers to leverage DEIA efforts to share information with employees

about American Jewish heritage, culture, and history and provide resources on countering

antisemitism. For example, employers can acknowledge Jewish holidays and other

important days and events to the Jewish community, such as International Holocaust

Remembrance Day or Jewish American Heritage Month, and invite Jewish employees to

share their family stories and Jewish identities.

• We call on DEIA professional associations to ensure full inclusion of antisemitism

awareness in DEIA trainings as well as religious accommodation requirements and best

practices.

• We call on employers to develop and disseminate workshops on the intersection of

antisemitism, racism, and xenophobia. Reciprocal learning about antisemitism and other

forms of hate help identify how to counter such hate more effectively. Additionally

unions should incorporate antisemitism into broader diversity and solidarity-building

trainings.

• We call on employers to have a plan to address antisemitism specifically when Jews are

attacked or face discrimination, such as a double standard because of their perceived

power. Employers should respond quickly and firmly to any and all forms of antisemitic

attack. Employers should know that antisemitism can manifest distinctively.

Discrimination and double standards that impact the terms and conditions of employment

are not only wrong, but also can expose employers to legal liability under federal, state,

and local anti-discrimination laws.

• We call on employers to support Jewish employees by promoting employee resource

groups, including for Jewish staff. Employers should work with these groups, especially

in issuing both internal and external statements when instances of antisemitism arise.

• We call on media to use its reach to raise awareness of antisemitism while also ensuring

users have credible and factual information about Jewish people, antisemitism, and the

Holocaust. Media coverage can shape public perceptions, not just of antisemitism, but of

Jews, Judaism, and American Jewish heritage, culture, and identity. This is both a

significant opportunity and responsibility. Broadcast media outlets should ensure accurate

and faithful representation of the Jewish community in all its diversity, and avoid

stereotypical portrayals of Jews, including as mere victims of antisemitism. Media outlets

should also hold people accountable for their antisemitic comments. In addition, media

outlets should guard against visual displays of hate and be mindful to not amplify

antisemitism while carrying out their responsibility to educate audiences.

• We call on professional sports leagues, sports clubs, and associations to use their

powerful platforms to raise awareness about antisemitism, as they do with other social

issues.

o We call on American sports leagues to combat antisemitism and other forms of

hate, discrimination, and bias in sports by:

▪ Holding athletes and other personnel, sports franchises, and sports leagues

themselves responsible for antisemitic acts and other acts of hate,

discrimination, and bias committed during and outside of sporting events.

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▪ Reminding athletes and coaches, team personnel, and staff to abstain from

antisemitic behavior and other acts of hate, discrimination, and bias in all

circumstances.

▪ Encouraging fan clubs or organizations to adopt fan charters that contain

anti-hate clauses.

▪ Creating honors or awards for combating hate, and for promoting

inclusivity, accountability, and respect as best practices in sport.

▪ Inviting local business, community, and faith leaders to organize sport-

related outreach activities, bringing together people from different

backgrounds.

o We call on American sports teams to collaborate with nonprofit organizations

and one another to create and share best practices for educating fans about

Judaism, Jewish heritage, culture, and identity, and the Holocaust, and

empowering them to combat antisemitism and all forms of hate.

o We call on American leagues to combat antisemitism by leveraging the social

power of sports and the influence of professional athletes.

o We call on American leagues to consider commemorating Holocaust

Remembrance Day, similar to how sports leagues observe Memorial Day and

9/11, and to recognize Jewish American History month.

• Youth sports are platforms that often introduce children and adolescents to the values of

unity and fairness. We call on youth sports organizations to condemn antisemitism and

all forms of hate, and educate young athletes, parents, coaches, and referees about their

negative consequences on and off the field.

• We call on state, local, and private cultural institutions to highlight Jewish American

heritage, culture, identity and history as well as histories of antisemitism in cultural

festivals and institutions. The Smithsonian will highlight histories of American Jews and

Judaism at the upcoming Summer 2023 Folklife Festival on the National Mall, in the

program Creative Encounters: Living Religions in the U.S. The Smithsonian will

continue to offer exhibitions, experiences, and resources that teach the heritage, histories,

identities, and cultures of Jewish Americans, including episodes of antisemitism, and

Judaism as a religion.

• We call on creators such as writers, producers, and directors to avoid stereotypical

depictions of Jewish people and content that promotes misinformation about Judaism as a

religion and Jewish culture, and to consider consulting organizations that have helped

train media corporations, content creators, journalists, and reporters to identify

antisemitic terms and tropes.

• We call on influencers of all kinds—especially those in popular culture such as

athletes, gamers, and entertainers—to use their platforms to increase understanding

and awareness of antisemitism. They should use important dates in the calendar to reach

their followers, demonstrate allyship through public statements or social media messages,

and use their platforms to lift up stories of people who have been victimized by

antisemitism or are fighting against it. Experts on antisemitism and communications

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should hold briefings for influencers and work with them individually to develop

educational content, including content for social media.

Strategic Goal 1.3—Bolster Research on Antisemitism and its Impact on American Society,

Including Its intersection with Other Forms of Hate

There is inadequate research on antisemitism and methods to counter it. Building on ongoing and

future research initiatives at the USHMM, the federal government will advance a research

agenda on antisemitism and its impact on American society. This agenda will include new

research on the history and sociology of antisemitism, its manifestations online, its intersections

with other forms of hate, and best practices for prevention. Such scholarship can spur mutual

understanding and support between the Jewish community and other communities targeted by

hate. This research can also lead to vital programs and partnerships to counter antisemitism and

other forms of hate.

Executive Branch Actions

• NEH will issue a special call for applications for research, teaching, and convening

opportunities for humanities scholars and institutions to study the origins, history, and

effects of antisemitism in the United States, including the spread of antisemitism

online. (By September 2023)

• The National Science Foundation (NSF) will reach out to the scientific research

community, through potential means such as issuing a Dear Colleague Letter (DCL), to

encourage research and workshop proposals on the origins, causes, and effects of bias,

intolerance, discrimination, and hate, including antisemitism. NSF will encourage

diverse research on hate through developmental, cognitive, social psychological, and

sociological approaches. (By November 2023)

• The Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Directorate of Science and

Technology will work with other federal partners to support research on how

antisemitism fuels violence across different violent extremist ideologies. (By November

2023)

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We call on academic and other research institutions to deepen investments in

multidisciplinary research on antisemitism, including scholarship that connects

antisemitism with racism, misogyny, and other forms of hate.

• We call on academic and other research institutions to convene forums with

community leaders, non-profits, and scholars to discuss antisemitism and its relationship

to other forms of hate as well as best practices for countering antisemitism.

• We call on academic and other research institutions to create forums for Jewish and

non-Jewish community leaders and K-12 teachers to partner with academics on

educational resources that teach about antisemitism and other forms of hate.

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Pillar 2: Improve Safety and Security for

Jewish Communities

All Americans deserve to practice their faith and pursue their lives without the threat or fear of

attack or harassment. Many Jews and Jewish communities do not enjoy that peace of mind.

Security measures like guards and metal detectors have tragically become precautions that many

Jewish institutions want and need at a scale never seen before in American history. Yet these

measures can also serve as an ever-present reminder of the threat, further feeding the fear and

anxiety of the Jewish communities they protect.

We need a more holistic approach to improve safety and security for Jewish and other

communities—one that prevents violence against Jewish communities and results in

accountability, deterrence, and an effective response. We will pursue an approach to security that

protects vulnerable Jewish communities in the near term and reduces the threat in the future.

Strategic Goal 2.1—Improve Data Collection on Antisemitism

Data and evidence are the foundation for understanding a problem and addressing it. America

cannot effectively counter antisemitism if we lack robust data on how antisemitism manifests

online and in the physical world. While programs and funds in the Jabara-Heyer NO HATE Act,

which President Biden signed into law in 2021, are improving official government collection of

hate crime statistics, the reporting, collecting, and analyzing of data related to hate crimes have

been uneven and incomplete. Furthermore, official crime statistics alone do not capture

unreported bias crimes and non-criminal incidents of bias, discrimination, and harassment. Hate

crime and incident surveys, data collection, and analysis from nongovernmental organizations

provide additional information but still only a patchwork understanding of the problem.

close collaboration with state and local governments, civil society, online platforms, and affected

communities, the Administration will continue working intensively to improve data collection,

analysis, and reporting of hate crimes, as well as other incidents of hate and harassment online

and in the physical world. These efforts are critical to ensuring that the public has a complete

understanding of how hate harms Jewish and other communities, and to enabling actors across

American society to fight antisemitism and other forms of hate.

Executive Branch Actions

• The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, with the Domestic

Policy Council and National Security Council, will launch an interagency effort to

understand and eliminate the impediments to reporting hate incidents. This initiative

will build on existing efforts to improve criminal justice data reporting and focus on

the broader mechanisms that individuals use to communicate hate incidents and social

marginalization. Developing a deeper understanding of the social, behavioral, and

structural barriers to identifying hate incidents will empower the U.S. government to

more accurately capture the frequency and scope of hate incidents and reduce these

experiences through evidence-based policies and programs. (By March 2024)

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• The FBI will continue to conduct outreach and provide technical assistance to law

enforcement agencies that have not consistently reported hate crimes data through the

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), with particular attention to small

agencies with the fewest resources for administrative management and data analysis.

(By November 2023)

• ED’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) will continue to collect data on allegations of

harassment or bullying based on religion, as it has since the 2013-14 Civil Rights Data

Collection (CRDC). This will include reported allegations of harassment or bullying

based on 14 categories of religion, including Judaism. (Ongoing)

• The Department of Defense (DOD) will leverage existing survey data to estimate

prevalence of antisemitic and Islamophobic behavior in the military workplace to

evaluate its policies to counter discrimination, discriminatory harassment, and

extremist activity. This analysis would be the first to specifically estimate antisemitic

and Islamophobic activity in the military workplace to identify gaps to be addressed in

future policies, programs, and procedures to prevent and respond to antisemitism and

Islamophobia in the military. (By November 2023)

• The General Services Administration (GSA) will continue enabling Presidential

Innovation Fellows’ (PIFs) work to improve data analytics, data collection, and data

management in government. PIFs will continue to amplify executive agencies’ data-

related efforts to counter hate, including addressing antisemitism and other forms of

hate. (Ongoing)

Calls to Congress

• We call on Congress to fully fund the President’s FY24 budget request to fund DOJ

grant programs including the COVID-19 Hate Crimes and Khalid Jabara-Heather Heyer

NO HATE Acts, the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crime Program, and the

Community-based Approaches to Prevent and Address Hate Crimes. These programs

support state and local efforts to implement National Incident-Based Reporting System,

create state-run hate crime reporting hotlines, train officers, and develop protocols for

identifying, investigating, and reporting hate crimes. These programs also support

community-based organizations and civil rights groups implementing comprehensive

approaches to promote community awareness and preparedness, increase victim

reporting, strengthen community resiliency, and improve response to hate crimes. The

President’s FY24 Budget requests $15 million for the COVID-19 Hate Crimes and

Khalid Jabara-Heather Heyer NO HATE Acts, an increase of $5 million over the 2023

enacted level.

• We call on Congress to require online platforms to gather data on all posts that violate

the hate-speech prongs of their terms of service or community standards, analyze that

data by sub-category of targeted group (including antisemitism), and report on this more

granular analysis in regular transparency reports, so that the public and policymakers

have a better understanding of trends and developments. Data collected by online

platforms may provide the most complete and timely picture of antisemitism and other

forms of hate in the country.

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• We call on Congress to require platforms to provide credible, vetted researchers with

access to their data and algorithmic recommendation systems, on the condition that

researchers publicly publish research on hate online, including antisemitism, as well as its

contribution to harassment and violence in the real world.

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We call on state and local officials to convene community partners, including law

enforcement, to discuss antisemitism and hate crimes, create a diverse network of

community leaders, and encourage reporting of hate incidents. In Oklahoma City, for

example, the mayor’s office has worked with local community groups and national

organizations to host town halls to discuss antisemitism and hate crimes. These efforts

have encouraged local groups to coordinate more closely with law enforcement and those

who track hate crimes. Oklahoma City has also leveraged the platform of the mayor’s

office to provide public moral support for the Jewish community and establish a firm

community norm against antisemitism.

• We call on local governments to intensify efforts to improve hate crime reporting. Local

governments should leverage Department of Justice (DOJ) resources, such as grants

enable the establishment of state-run hate crime hotlines and DOJ materials to develop

hate crimes bias training, so that communities feel comfortable reporting hate crimes.

Elected leaders should ensure that all law enforcement agencies transition to the FBI’s

NIBRS to submit hate crimes data to the FBI for its annual report. Local officials should

proactively engage targeted communities, including Jewish communities, to understand

barriers to reporting and encourage greater reporting of hate crimes to local law

enforcement.

Strategic Goal 2.2—Ensure Robust Engagement Between Law Enforcement, Government

Leaders, Civil Rights Organizations, and the Communities They Serve to Combat Hate

Crimes

Antisemitic hate crimes, like other hate crimes, are underreported to law enforcement.

As we

work collectively to improve reporting of hate crimes, it is imperative that, once reported, law

enforcement at every level swiftly investigates and, where appropriate, prosecutes hate crimes.

Vigorous enforcement gives the public, especially targeted communities, the confidence that law

enforcement is willing and able to address bias crimes. This Administration will continue to

prioritize combating hate and discrimination in all forms, including hate crimes.

Greater confidence will, in turn, result in more reporting. Effective prevention of antisemitic

incidents and vigorous enforcement of hate crimes laws also requires close and consistent

coordination and dialogue among law enforcement, other government leaders, and targeted

communities, including Jewish communities. We will continue to use all available mechanisms

to ensure the voices of community leaders help guide our efforts to address hate crimes, such as

the DOJ Uniting Against Hate Community Outreach Program and the DHS Faith-Based Security

Advisory Council.

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Executive Branch Actions

• U.S. Attorney Offices, FBI Field Offices, DOJ Community Relations Service

members and others will undertake targeted engagement with community-based

groups including youth, faith leaders, cultural leaders, and civil rights organizers from

Jewish communities and other communities victimized by hate crimes. This

engagement will open dialogue with communities, help to reduce the fear and isolation

that can arise from hate crimes, promote a common understanding of each

community’s security situation and concerns, and enable the sharing of threat

information, as appropriate. (By September 2023)

• DHS will conduct a series of regional and online workshops on countering

antisemitism, Islamophobia, and related forms of hate-motivated violence, such as

online misogyny and gender-based violence, and violence against LGBTQI+,

AANHPI, or Black communities. These workshops will provide direct assistance and

help DHS identify additional ways to assist the Jewish community and other

communities that have been targeted with violence. (By November 2023)

• DHS will convene listening sessions nationwide to better understand evolving threats

and the safety and security needs of communities impacted by targeted violence, with

an emphasis on underserved communities. Such sessions will help improve

accessibility and information-sharing of DHS’ resources to meet the needs of those

impacted by hate-motivated violence. (By September 2023)

• DHS’ Faith-Based Security Advisory Council, a multi-faith council, will amplify

resources and tools to protect Jewish and other communities nationwide. (By

November 2023)

• The Department of the Treasury (Treasury) will continue to promote information to

assist financial institutions to identify financial transactions of violent extremists,

including those motivated to violence by antisemitism. This will include Treasury’s

recently launched Domestic Violent Extremism Landing Page, which provides

information to help financial institutions better address how violent extremists raise,

move, and use funds to facilitate their violent acts against Jews and others. (Ongoing)

• SBA will work through its district offices to encourage small businesses to report

incidents of antisemitism and other incidents of hate at their businesses to the proper

authorities, including local law enforcement and community organizations. (By

September 2023)

• DOJ will update and refine its hate crimes website with links to hate crimes related

programs and information from across the government with plain language and easily

sortable descriptions of the resources. DOJ will also work to increase public awareness

of hate crimes and hate crime reporting, including by promoting the hate crimes

website. (By November 2023)

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Calls to Congress

• We call on Congress to pass legislation to give DOJ enhanced tools to address the bias-

motivated violence that is devastating communities across America. In particular, we call

on Congress to make it a crime to conspire to commit hate crimes or to solicit the

commission of a hate crime. Additional criminal prohibitions would better position the

federal government to investigate, prosecute and report on hate crimes, including those

targeting the Jewish and other impacted communities.

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

The public is an important partner in ensuring that hate incidents and crimes are investigated and

prosecuted. It is vital that members of the public report hate crimes to law enforcement.

• We call on state and local law enforcement to work closely with Jewish communities

in their jurisdictions to ensure Jews feel safe reporting antisemitic hate incidents and

crimes. While today 63% of American Jews believe law enforcement is effective in

responding to the Jewish community’s needs, that number is a sharp drop from 81% in

2019.

To help ensure community needs are being met, law enforcement agencies should

appoint an appropriate senior official to be a central point of contact for local Jewish

communities when a security need arises.

We call on law enforcement and local jurisdictions to report all hate crimes. Dozens of

cities with populations greater than 100,000 reported zero or did not report hate crimes to

NIBRS in 2021, according to the FBI.

Simply put, they need to do better. Local, state,

Tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies should voluntarily submit hate crimes data

to the FBI under the 1990 Hate Crimes Statistics Act.

• We call on law enforcement agencies nationwide to use NIBRS to collect and share

more accurate data with the FBI. Law enforcement should take advantage of increased

DOJ resources—bolstered by the COVID-19 Hate Crimes and Khalid Jabara-Heather

Heyer NO HATE Acts—to transition to using NIBRS to report all crime data, including

hate crime data. Agencies should also leverage the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr.

Hate Crime Program, which supports training, investigation, and prosecution of hate

crimes, assistance to victims, and public outreach, for hate crimes bias training and

establishing hate crimes hotlines.

• We call on local and community leaders, law enforcement, and Jewish communities

to collaborate on efforts to improve hate incident reporting, increase trust, and raise

awareness about what constitutes a hate crime.

• We call on state and local law enforcement to prosecute hate crimes consistently. State

and local law enforcement should take advantage of existing DOJ resources to help

recognize, investigate, and prosecute hate crimes. In particular, last year, DOJ released a

new hate crimes recognition and reporting training aimed specifically at line-level

officers, which can be requested by a local agency at no cost. In addition, this fiscal year,

DOJ can award close to $30 million in grants to support state and local agencies in

investigating and prosecuting hate crimes, in addition to grants to improve reporting.

Perpetrators of antisemitic hate crimes must be held accountable.

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• We call on state and local law enforcement to work with local government and

community partners to pursue alternative approaches such as restorative justice programs

for addressing hate crimes, including antisemitic hate crimes. Restorative justice practices

can include community-wide conversations about a crime or conflict in order to teach and

create constructive engagement.

Strategic Goal 2.3—Enhance the Physical Security of Jewish and Other Religious

Communities and Institutions

Tragically, FBI hate crime data shows that attacks on synagogues, mosques, churches,

gurdwaras, temples, and other religious institutions in the United States have been increasing.

Assailants have taken precious lives, wounded congregants, and terrorized religious

communities. Religious institutions have been burnt to the ground, firebombed, subject to bomb

threats, and defaced with swastikas and other hateful graffiti. Sacred objects have been stolen or

vandalized. For the past decade, funding assistance from federal, state, and local governments

has provided crucial support for safeguarding our religious institutions across the country,

particularly in response to violent extremists’ continuous targeting of houses of worship and

religious gathering places. The ongoing threat to targeted communities, including the Jewish

community, demands the continued expansion of security assistance to impacted institutions—

not only from the federal government, but also from state and local governments and civil

society. The Administration will continue to seek robust funding and provide assistance to local

actors to help protect Jewish and other vulnerable communities from harm.

Executive Branch Actions

• The Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) will make

Nonprofit Security Grant Program (NSGP) funds easier to access for interested

nonprofits. This includes enhanced training, new technical assistance, and engagements

with rural and underserved communities to ensure they are aware of the purpose and

requirements for this grant program. (By November 2023)

• DHS will, within its existing authorities, continue to take steps to improve access to

publicly available resources to historically underserved community applicants of the

NSGP, to increase equity in the application process. For example, DHS will approach

Jewish communities that have not applied for NSGP funding to ensure they understand

the benefits of the NSGP and the process for applying for such funding. DHS will

partner with other departments and agencies with resources and authorities to provide

such assistance, ensuring those agencies receive adequate information on DHS training

and resources. (By March 2024)

• AmeriCorps and DHS will partner to amplify resources that support underserved

communities and under-resourced organizations, including Jewish schools and

synagogues that fit these criteria. (By November 2023)

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• The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) at DHS will

expand outreach and security capacity-building services to historically targeted

communities, such as houses of worship, community centers, and private parochial

schools, including Jewish day schools. These services include risk assessments,

planning assistance, and active shooter and bomb prevention-related training. (By

September 2023)

• DHS and DOJ will publish a fact sheet titled Protecting Places of Worship: Six Steps

to Enhance Security Against Targeted Violence that outlines actions Jewish and other

faith-based organizations and houses of worship can take to increase security through

easily implementable steps that sustain an open and welcoming environment. (By May

2023)

• The DHS Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships will

institutionalize its new Protecting Places of Worship Week of Action each September

as part of National Preparedness Month and a Protecting Places of Worship Network

that encourages peer-to-peer learning about steps organizations and communities can

take to promote security and participate in activities like the NSGP. (By September

2023)

Calls to Congress

• We call on Congress to fully fund the President’s FY24 budget request of $360 million

for the DHS’ NSGP. These funds are vital to offset the costs of physical security

enhancements for Jewish and other communities across the country.

• We call on Congress to continue to build upon improvements made to the NSGP in the

FY23 National Defense Authorization Act. These additional changes would help

strengthen the program’s effectiveness.

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We call on community-based violence prevention programs and local law

enforcement to build stronger ties with synagogues, Jewish community centers, Jewish

day schools, and other Jewish institutions and organizations—and vice versa. Through

these relationships, Jewish communities can avail themselves of federal training,

technical assistance, and resources to bolster their security. Federal resources only reach

as far as local actors’ ability to utilize them.

• We call on mayors, governors, and municipal leaders to establish a liaison to serve as

a central coordinator for Jewish and other faith communities, especially as security needs

arise. Many elected leaders have advisory groups or task forces that include faith leaders.

Strategic Goal 2.4—Improve Threat Information-sharing Between Law Enforcement and

Online Platforms

Antisemitic and other hate crimes often start online. Violent extremists use online platforms to

encourage and support violence against Jewish targets. Antisemitic conspiracy theories

proliferate online, often linked to white supremacy and other forms of hate. The content often

portrays Jews as collectively responsible for society’s ills and problems and, moreover, utilizes

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memes and graphic imagery to reach a range of audiences that include young people.

Several

non-profit organizations systematically monitor hate speech, including antisemitic content, on

various online platforms. Greater information-sharing between law enforcement, expert non-

profits, and online platforms would strengthen their collective ability to help prevent antisemitic

harassment and attacks and ensure accountability for those who perpetrate them.

Executive Branch Actions

• Federal law enforcement agencies will assess their own nondiscrimination policies

and encourage increased information-sharing. This includes between federal, state,

Tribal, campus, school, and local government entities, and from the federal

government to technology companies through more specialized analysis and

production of educational materials, as well as more robust engagement with

technology companies. Specifically, the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC),

DHS, and FBI will, consistent with their authorities, engage with online platforms to

ensure the agencies are sharing their latest information on threats of violence.

(Ongoing)

• FBI and NCTC will conduct an annual threat assessment on antisemitic drivers of

transnational violent extremism. Antisemitism is a common threat stream across

several different violent extremist ideologies, as evidenced in the classified assessment

that FBI and NCTC completed in March 2023 to help shape this strategy. FBI and

NCTC will release a declassified version of the threat assessment in conjunction with

this strategy. Moving forward, these agencies will produce an annual declassified

assessment that can be shared with technology companies and other nongovernmental

partners. (By March 2024)

• The Department of Commerce (Commerce) will provide Congress with a report on

the role of telecommunications in the commission of hate crimes. The report will

discuss and analyze hate crimes motivated by antisemitism and other antisemitic

conduct, including the use of social media to engage in antisemitic harassment. (By

December 2023)

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We call on civil society organizations with expertise in antisemitism to share their

information on and analysis of antisemitic content online with federal, state and local law

enforcement as well as with online platforms to better enable these actors to hold

accountable those who create and spread antisemitism online, engage in antisemitic

threats and harassment, and encourage hate crimes and hate-fueled violence.

Strategic Goal 2.5—Expand Community-Based Prevention Efforts

Improving physical security at institutions is a necessary step, but threatened communities

cannot rely only on physical security. We must join our communities to expand efforts to reach

and guide individuals off the pathway to antisemitic violence. Expanding community-based

prevention efforts can help reduce the number of bias crimes and violent acts by connecting

individuals to counseling, social services, and other supports to steer them away from hate and

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conspiracy-fueled violence. To that end, the Administration will continue to invest in

community-based violence prevention programs.

Executive Branch Actions

• The NSC will work to strengthen community-based violence prevention efforts. The

NSC will explore ways to expand the use of financial, technical, and training assistance

offered to state and local partners to prevent violence motivated by ideologies of hate

and bias. Examples of such resources include the DHS Targeted Violence and Terrorism

Prevention grant program and the Center for Prevention Programs and Partnerships

(CP3) Regional Prevention Coordinator program. Mindful that previous prevention

programs created trust deficits with key communities, DHS and other agencies have

significantly increased engagement with faith-based, civil rights, and community

organizations and leaders to address concerns and to ensure transparency and

accessibility. For example, DHS has tasked the Faith-Based Security Advisory Council

to explore ways to build trust, to ensure accessibility, and to improve partnerships.

(Ongoing)

• DOJ will pilot a curriculum for middle and high school-age youth, designed to prevent

youth hate crimes and identity-based bullying. The curriculum will provide an

interactive learning process that educates young people about bias, prejudice, and hate,

and provides them with the information, skills, and motivation to be active participants

in combating prejudice and hate in their schools and communities, online and offline.

(By November 2023)

• NCTC, DHS, and FBI will continue to publish resource guides and other technical

assistance through the Joint Counterterrorism Assessment Team, including products

specific to antisemitic violent extremism and continued enhancements to the First

Responder Toolkit. (Ongoing)

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We call on private and philanthropic sectors to invest further in community-based

prevention programs to address violent extremist radicalization and recruitment,

including those motivated by antisemitism. Community-based violence intervention

programs typically identify community members who are at higher risk of radicalization

and work to reduce extremist radicalization through targeted intervention. Examples

include programs and initiatives that build a sense of community belonging (such as local

volunteering opportunities and multicultural programming), strengthen digital literacy,

teach skills for forming healthy relationships, expand opportunities that enable

community members to detect the signs of radicalization to violent extremism, and

develop cooperation among community, law enforcement, and social service

organizations.

• We call on local nongovernmental actors to work with state and local leaders and vice

versa to design and implement community-based prevention programs. New York,

Hawaii, Colorado, and numerous other states have crafted statewide targeted violence

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and terrorism prevention strategies that rely on multidisciplinary approaches involving

civic organizations, health professionals, and others.

We need more engagement from

all segments of society to bring such programs to fruition. Local actors can learn more

from the Prevention Resource Finder at www.dhs.gov/prevention or by contacting their

state or local government leaders.

Strategic Goal 2.6—Strengthen Support for Victims of Antisemitic Harassment and

Attacks

Victims of hate crimes deserve swift, certain, and sustained support to address their needs and

trauma in the aftermath of hate-fueled violence and harassment. We will continue to build more

comprehensive approaches to rally federal support to Jewish and other targeted communities

overwhelmed by hate crimes and violence. The Administration will also continue to build state

and local capacity to support victims of hate crimes, including through mental health services.

We will also work with state and local authorities, civil society, and the private sector to

mobilize supports to assist communities that have suffered antisemitic attacks and harassment.

Executive Branch Actions

• In Executive Order 14092 (Reducing Gun Violence and Making Our Communities

Safer), the President directed members of his Cabinet to develop a proposal by

September 15, 2023, for the federal government to better support communities after a

mass shooting and identify what additional resources or authorities the executive

branch would need from Congress to implement this proposal.

(By September 2023)

• The Administration will continue to bolster efforts to improve services provided to

people and communities that experience hate incidents or discrimination, including

antisemitic incidents and discrimination. To this end, departments and agencies will

look to use existing funding and programs to expand the capacity of community-based

organizations that are implementing projects to support communities and people who

have been the victims of hate incidents or discrimination. These projects include efforts

to promote awareness, healing, reconciliation, services and federal benefits access,

and/or resource development. Additional objectives that funding or guidance will

address include:

o Cultural competence among those serving people who have experienced hate

incidents or discrimination;

o Awareness and training on culturally-specific and trauma-informed remedies to

help people who have experienced hate incidents or discrimination recover

from trauma, and options to support victims who seek education and

reconciliation with perpetrators in lieu of punitive options; and

o Economic supports as survivors recover from trauma. (Ongoing)

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• The Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS) Substance Abuse and

Mental Health Services Administration’s (SAMHSA) National Child Traumatic

Stress Network will continue to provide resources on how to talk with children and

youth about hate crimes and identity-based violence. This includes guidance on talking

with children about the painful consequences of antisemitism and other forms of hate,

as well as strategies for coping with the associated trauma and fear. (Ongoing)

• HHS’ Administration for Community Living (ACL) will continue to support

Holocaust survivors by helping to ensure they receive person-centered trauma

informed care. Since 2015, ACL and the Center on Holocaust Survivor Care have

served over 43,700 Holocaust survivors and trained more than 7,300 of their family

caregivers. These efforts help provide Holocaust survivors with the care they need.

(Ongoing)

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We call on state and local governments to strengthen social services to support

survivors of hate crimes and their communities. These may include victim compensation

programs, victim advocate programs, culturally competent mental health services, and

solidarity building initiatives such as restorative justice programs.

• We call on local companies and businesses to provide support and assistance to local

communities that are victims of hate-fueled violence.

Strategic Goal 2.7—Address Foreign Support for Antisemitism in the U.S.

Rising antisemitism around the world contributes to antisemitic speech, acts, and violence in the

U.S.—and vice versa. The Department of State, and the Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor

and Combat Antisemitism (SEAS) in particular, play a critical role in coordinating international

efforts to counter antisemitism globally, and the Administration will continue to provide robust

support to this office. Yet, it is clear that antisemitism and violent extremists abroad provide

material, ideological, or financial support for antisemitic movements in the United States. The

Administration will intensify efforts to reduce foreign support and the transnational links that

help fuel antisemitism in the United States. At the same time, the United States will continue to

learn from, work with, and support the efforts of our allies and multilateral institutions that are

implementing their own robust strategies to address antisemitism, or taking other actions to

address antisemitism.

Executive Branch Actions

• State and SEAS will produce a report documenting promising overseas programs,

policies, and actions that counter antisemitism including those that focus on law

enforcement and hate crime prosecutions, multi-faith and intercommunal coalition-

building, combating online hate, and antisemitism education. (By September 2023)

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• The NSC will review federal agencies’ authorities and capabilities to target

transnational networks seeking to foster antisemitism in the U.S. and elsewhere, and

work with Congress to ensure sufficient funding and authorities for this work. (By

September 2023)

• Treasury and State, working with industry-convening organizations such as the

Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism, will convene a forum to engage Money

Services Businesses (MSB), non-MSB financial institutions, and crowdfunding

websites on preventing hate groups from raising money through crowdfunding

websites. This will include foreign partners that are addressing the same threat. (By

November 2023)

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Pillar 3: Reverse the Normalization of

Antisemitism and Counter Antisemitic

Discrimination

America’s constitutional protections for robust free speech and tradition of free expression are a

foundation of our democracy. While free speech allows for a vibrant public square, it also means

that hateful, disgraceful, and even some threatening speech—including antisemitic speech—is

constitutionally protected.

Alarmingly, antisemitism has been increasingly normalized in the public sphere. A majority of

American Jews (69%) and the general U.S. adult population (82%) noticed antisemitism online

in 2022, according to a survey from the American Jewish Committee.

These views are far too

often legitimized by public figures—making this language feel more acceptable for others in

their daily lives and giving comfort to those who seek to engage in antisemitic acts, including

violence. The result is a climate of intimidation, anxiety, and genuine fear for Jewish

communities across America, especially those who wear clothing or other items that visually

identify them as Jewish. This is unacceptable. This Administration is committed to reversing the

tide of normalized antisemitism by mobilizing a diverse and broad chorus of stakeholders to

speak out and act against antisemitism at the national and local levels.

Strategic Goal 3.1—Speak Out Forcefully Against Antisemitic Speech and Conduct, and

Increase Accountability for Antisemitism

America must beat back and overwhelm hateful and antisemitic speech with a powerful chorus

that rejects it, especially when it is spread by public figures. America will not be silent. As Rabbi

Abraham Joshua Heschel wrote, “indifference to evil is worse than evil itself… in a free society,

some are guilty, but all are responsible.”

We must all say clearly and forcefully: Antisemitism and all forms of hate and violence can have

no safe harbor in America. The Biden-Harris Administration will continue to lead in calling out

antisemitism and urges actors across society—from Congress to Statehouses and City Halls,

from professional athletes and artists to CEOs and community leaders, from the pulpit to the

university—to call out and condemn antisemitism unambiguously and unequivocally.

Additionally, antisemitism has become increasingly normalized in part because, far too often,

there is not sufficient accountability for antisemitic speech and conduct—and, therefore, little

deterrence to antisemitic expression and acts. To roll back the normalization of antisemitism,

however, there should be meaningful accountability for antisemitic conduct, both online and in

person, including vigorous and timely enforcement of existing laws and standards.

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Executive Branch Actions

• The Biden-Harris Administration will continue to speak out clearly and forcefully

against antisemitism and those who peddle it. There is no higher profile platform than

the White House for pushing back against, rejecting, and re-stigmatizing antisemitism.

The President and other federal leaders will continue to respond to prominent

antisemitic acts and voices and use every appropriate opportunity to reaffirm the

Administration’s profound commitment to countering antisemitism. We strongly urge

others to do the same. (Ongoing)

Calls to Congress

• We call on members of Congress to continue to speak out against, stigmatize, and

condemn prominent individuals and groups, including elected officials, who embrace and

perpetuate antisemitism.

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We call on elected leaders at all levels to speak out against antisemitism. These leaders

are close to affected communities, and their personal engagement with affected

communities, both in response to and in advance of antisemitic incidents, is vital to

building trust with those communities and demonstrating solidarity. It is particularly

important for elected leaders to speak out when others who hold public offices engage in

antisemitic speech and conduct.

• We call on elected leaders at all levels to recognize and celebrate those in their

communities who speak out against antisemitism.

• We call on national influencers, including media figures, athletes, gamers,

entertainers, and other public figures, to use their platforms to speak out against

antisemitism and other forms of hate whenever they manifest.

• We call on American CEOs and business leaders to speak out loudly and clearly

against antisemitic speech and conduct, especially when it occurs in communities where

their businesses are based. American brands and CEOs have great influence, and failure

to speak out only contributes to the normalization of antisemitism. Targeted communities

must know that American businesses stand with them and against antisemitism.

• We call on local businesses, community, civil society, and other leaders to speak out

when antisemitism and other forms of hate occur in their communities. Whether the

incident is a swastika in a school, antisemitic leafletting of a neighborhood, or online

harassment of a community member, community and civil society leaders must identify

these incidents as antisemitic and strongly condemn them. Such local leadership is

critical to uniting a community against antisemitism and marginalizing those who engage

in antisemitic speech and conduct.

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• We call on all actors in American society, whether those operating at the global,

national, regional or local level, to review their association with and potential

sponsorship or remuneration of individuals and entities that advance antisemitism. This

might include reconsideration of a brand association, halting patronage of an antisemitic

entity or individual, or “unfollowing” an account.

Strategic Goal 3.2—Tackle Antisemitism Online

Antisemitism is becoming increasingly normalized in part because our contemporary information

ecosystem connects fringe views online to mass media and amplifies sensational, hateful and

divisive content. This information ecosystem has helped bring antisemitism from the shadows

into the mainstream of society. Antisemitic comments, tropes, and conspiracies are rampant on

social media platforms, and there is too little accountability for those who peddle and amplify

them. Some platforms lack terms of service or community standards that meaningfully address

hate speech that can lead to violence. Many more do not enforce their own terms of service and

community standards with the vigor and investment necessary to effectively tackle this problem.

Moreover, platforms are failing to provide sufficient transparency and access to data to allow the

public and researchers to understand how and why content moderation decisions are made, their

potential effects on users, and the very real dangers they may pose.

Executive Branch Action

• Commerce will identify ways in which companies’ practices with respect to collecting,

storing, using, and processing data can potentially drive antisemitism or lead to privacy

harms that disproportionately impact Jews and other communities. This analysis will be

included in a larger Commerce report, which will also identify policy recommendations

to mitigate these harms against Jews and other historically marginalized communities.

(By November 2023)

Calls to Congress

• We call on Congress to hold social media platforms accountable for spreading hate-

fueled violence, including antisemitism. The President has long called for fundamental

reforms to Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, and Congress should

remove special immunity for online platforms. This should include removing immunity if

an online platform utilizes an algorithm or other computational process to amplify or

recommend content to a user that promotes violence, or is directly relevant to a claim

involving interference with civil rights or neglect to prevent interference with civil rights.

• We call on Congress to impose much stronger transparency requirements on online

platforms, including their algorithmic recommendation systems, content moderation

decisions, and enforcement of community standards.

• We call on Congress to pass legislation requiring platforms to enable timely and robust

public interest research, including on the spread of antisemitism and other forms of hate,

using platforms’ data and analyzing their algorithmic recommendation systems, while

maintaining users’ privacy.

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Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• To counter hate and antisemitism, the Biden-Harris Administration encourages all

online platforms to independently commit to the following actions:

o Ensure terms of service and community standards explicitly cover antisemitism.

The Administration commends platforms with terms of service and community

standards that establish “zero-tolerance” for hate speech, including antisemitism.

All online platforms are encouraged to adopt zero-tolerance terms of service and

community standards.

o Permanently ban repeat offenders, both personal accounts and extremist websites.

o Invest in the human and technical resources necessary to enable vigorous and

timely enforcement of their terms of service and community standards. Currently,

many platforms do not adequately invest in enforcement of their terms of service

and community standards, and numerous platforms have recently shed significant

portions of their trust and safety workforces, leading to documented increases in

hate speech on their platforms.

o Improve capabilities to stop recommending and de-rank antisemitic and other

hateful content. Extensive research has shown that online platforms’ algorithmic

recommendation and ranking systems—depending on the incentives driving

them—can amplify and spread extremist and antisemitic content.

o Increase the transparency of their algorithmic recommendation systems and data,

and allow for public interest research to ascertain how these systems amplify and

spread hate speech and antisemitic content to inform better content moderation

tools and approaches. Antisemitism should be treated as a distinct category in

transparency reports, and platforms should report on the volume of antisemitic

content adjudicated on platforms.

o Encourage and support trusted community moderators who receive dedicated,

ongoing training in hate speech and bias, including antisemitism and its tropes.

o Use their reach to raise awareness of antisemitism while also ensuring users have

credible and factual information about Jewish people, antisemitism, and the

Holocaust.

o Engage frequently with civil society groups that actively monitor antisemitism in

media and online to stay abreast of the latest developments.

o Listen to the concerns of Jewish communities around the world to understand how

Jewish users experience antisemitism and hate on their platforms and ensure

antisemitism is understood, recognized, and properly addressed.

o Establish relationships with Jewish community organizations to share best

practices related to reporting hate speech and utilizing platforms to lift up Jewish

stories.

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Strategic Goal 3.3—Increase Information, Digital, and Media Literacy and Civics

Education to Prevent and Slow the Spread of Online Antisemitism

Online antisemitism is rampant and can be difficult for members of the public to identify.

Advances in artificial intelligence will likely make this problem much worse. As conspiracy

theories take an ever-growing hold on social media, robust education on the importance of

critical thinking and interrogation of sources for biased and false information is critical. One of

the best antidotes to these trends is information, digital and media literacy. Numerous studies

have shown the benefits of providing consumers with tips for establishing the veracity of sources

of information online, such as checking the source of information and validating the author.

Developing these skills can help Americans resist, counter, and challenge antisemitic

conspiracies and stereotypes circulating online.

Civics education is another critical tool to prevent the spread of hate online, and it is vital to

strengthening American democracy. Civics education enhances students’ understanding of how

government works, promotes student engagement and empowerment, brings students from

different communities together, and helps students develop critical thinking skills.

Executive Branch Actions

• Commerce will open up applications for digital equity projects that promote digital

inclusion, including awareness of online safety and the prevention of online harassment

and abuse. In 2024, these digital equity projects will, for the first time, be eligible for

Commerce’s State Digital Equity Capacity Grants Program. This action was also

highlighted in the Initial Blueprint of the White House Task Force to Address Online

Harassment and Abuse. (By May 2024)

• IMLS will ensure the Federal Information Literacy Taskforce creates toolkits to help

Americans understand, evaluate, and discern the reliability and accuracy of information.

(By November 2023)

Calls to Congress

• We call on Congress to fully fund the President’s FY24 Budget request for ED’s new

$50 million investment to support Civics Participatory Learning and Engagement Grants.

The grants would develop new, and expand existing, evidence-based, hands-on learning

programs that help students develop digital and media literacy, among other skills.

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We call on states, cities, and school districts to expand information, digital, and media

literacy education to address online misinformation and disinformation, including related

to antisemitism.

• We call on libraries and non-profit organizations to develop resources and

programming on information, digital, and media literacy to address online

misinformation and disinformation, including related to antisemitism.

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• We call on academics and experts to research and evaluate promising practices to

determine what information, digital, and media literacy strategies effectively help

individuals identify online antisemitism and reduce further sharing and spread.

Strategic Goal 3.4—Address Antisemitism in K-12 Schools and on College Campuses

Reports of antisemitic incidents have increased dramatically in many educational settings over

the past several years.

This is unacceptable. Nearly one-third of Jewish students report

personally experiencing antisemitism directed at them on the campus of an institution of higher

education or by a member of the campus community, according to a 2021 study.

A 2022 survey

found that over 50% of Jewish students worry that people make unfair judgments about them

because they are Jewish, and that over 50% of Jewish students feel they pay a social cost if they

support the existence of Israel as a Jewish state.

Swastikas and other antisemitic graffiti have

been reported on numerous college campuses.

On college campuses, Jewish students, educators, and administrators have been derided,

ostracized, and sometimes discriminated against because of their actual or perceived views on

Israel. All students, educators, and administrators should feel safe and free from violence,

harassment and intimidation on their campuses. Far too many do not have this sense of security

because of their actual or perceived views on Israel. For example, a teaching assistant at the

University of Vermont allegedly posted on social media about not giving Jewish students course

participation credit; subtracted points for Jewish students, including because “I hate ur vibe in

general”; added the word, “Kristallnacht,” above a picture of a damaged storefront with

accompanying Hebrew text; and celebrated the theft of an Israeli flag from a Jewish student’s

residence.

Antisemitic expression and acts have also become common at many public and private

secondary and elementary schools. For example, in fall 2022 antisemitic language and swastikas

were found on tables and bathroom stalls in public schools in Livingston, New Jersey.

Similarly, the Montgomery County, Maryland, school district witnessed a series of antisemitic

incidents, including graffiti and bullying, in early 2023.

Recent data showed a nearly 50%

increase in antisemitic incidents at K-12 schools.

Our schools and campuses must feel and be safe for all people. The Department of Education’s

Office for Civil Rights (OCR) continues to enforce civil rights laws prohibiting discrimination,

including discrimination based on national origin or shared ancestry. For example, it recently

resolved investigations involving alleged failure to respond to antisemitic harassment in Vermont

at the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, and in Arizona in both the Kyrene

School District #28 and Peoria Unified School District.

Everyone has a right to learn an

environment free from antisemitic harassment. ED OCR will be watching to be sure these

students are safe.

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Executive Branch Actions

• ED will launch an Antisemitism Awareness Campaign, aimed at raising awareness

among educators, students, parents, and communities about the alarming rise of

antisemitism and giving them tools to address it. The campaign will launch in May

2023 and gain momentum in fall 2023 as students across America go back to schools

and campuses. The campaign will include the following actions:

o ED OCR will issue a Dear Colleague Letter (DCL), reminding schools of their

legal obligation under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to address

complaints of discrimination, including harassment based on race, color, or

national origin, including shared ancestry, such as Jewish ancestry, and ethnic

characteristics. OCR will continue to enforce federal civil rights laws, including

Title VI. (By May 2023)

o ED OCR will continue to offer technical assistance to school communities as

well as community organizations regarding Title VI, including its application to

Jewish students and its coverage of certain forms of antisemitic discrimination,

as well as how to contact OCR for assistance or to file a discrimination

complaint. (Ongoing)

o Senior ED officials will conduct site visits to PreK-12 schools and institutions

of higher education that are engaging in their own campaigns to address

antisemitism as well as those that have experienced upticks in antisemitism but

have not yet adequately addressed such concerns. During these visits, ED will

engage influencers, including other federal or state and local partners, to join

and help amplify resources such as best practices in countering antisemitism,

guides for parents in talking about antisemitism with their children, and toolkits

for educators and administrators on countering antisemitism. (By November

2023)

o ED will spotlight notable efforts by students, communities, educators, and

administrators to prevent and address antisemitism. ED will disseminate

information about these efforts to offer concrete examples of ways schools and

campuses can engage in efforts to prevent and address antisemitism. (By

November 2023)

o ED will raise awareness about ED resources that can be utilized to prevent and

address antisemitism, such as funding from the Bipartisan Safer Communities

Act and resources available through ED’s technical assistance centers. ED will

also, where appropriate, disseminate information about other federal agencies’

resources and events that may be applicable to school and campus

communities. (By November 2023)

o ED’s Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships will spotlight

strategies for school and campus communities to be more inclusive of Jewish

and other religious identities, such as multi-faith student groups, afterschool

programs, or school-based efforts aimed at fostering cross-community

cooperation. (By November 2023)

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o ED will promote technical assistance opportunities to help school and campus

communities improve awareness of religious cultures and practices and

accommodation of religious observances, including Jewish observances, such

as observance of the Jewish Sabbath, major Jewish holidays, and dietary

requirements. (By September 2023)

• USDA will convene rural institutions of higher education and land-grant colleges to

share promising practices to address antisemitism and other forms of hate and bias. (By

March 2024)

• USDA will work with subject matter experts to develop and disseminate materials for

rural universities on how to address specific incidents of antisemitism; create

educational opportunities on Judaism, Jewish culture and identity, and histories of

antisemitism, including the Holocaust, for students, faculty and staff; and ensure that

university calendars are inclusive and accommodation policies are made known to

faculty and students alike. (By November 2023)

• USDA will provide educational opportunities for 4-H, FFA, and other rural youth

organizations to learn how to identify and counter antisemitism and related forms of

discrimination. (By March 2024)

Calls to Congress

• We call on Congress to fully fund the President’s FY24 Budget request of $177.6

million for ED OCR. This is a $37.6 million increase from the 2023 enacted level of $140

million. The additional requested funds would strengthen OCR’s work to counter

antisemitism and related forms of discrimination in K-12 schools and on campus.

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We call on schools and colleges to issue clear and unwavering statements condemning

all forms of hate, including antisemitism, especially in the wake of antisemitic incidents.

• We call on schools and colleges to have a clear and transparent mechanism for students

to report hate incidents and acts of antisemitism. Schools and colleges should also be

transparent about the measures taken in response to such reports. This should include

resources for students who have been the victims of intimidation, undue harassment, or

violence on the basis of being Jewish or perceived as Jewish.

• We call on schools and colleges to treat antisemitism with the same seriousness as other

forms of hate.

• We call on schools and colleges to create committees or task forces to combat hate on

campus, including antisemitism, composed of administrators, faculty, and students from

diverse ethnic and religious beliefs and backgrounds.

• We call on schools and colleges to ensure that Jewish students are respected and have

their needs met. This includes modeling attention and concern for Jewish students’ rights

and needs together with those of other groups; explicitly condemning antisemitic

incidents; attending Jewish student events and celebrations; and ensuring that cultural and

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religious sensitivity policies also include areas of concern for Jewish students and

families.

• We call on schools and colleges to ensure efforts to prevent and address antisemitism

are integrated into their DEIA programs, including into mandatory trainings on

discrimination and harassment.

• We call on schools and colleges to enhance awareness of religious cultures and

practices. Ensuring accommodation of religious observances, including Jewish

observances—such as observance of the Jewish Sabbath, major Jewish holidays, and

dietary requirements—helps Jewish students feel included on campus. Schools should

also ensure these accommodations for the cultures and practices of other faiths.

• We call on a diverse range of student groups in K-12 schools and colleges to play a

role in preventing and addressing antisemitism. This may include condemning antisemitic

incidents on their campuses, hosting events alongside Jewish organizations on a wide

range of topics, and educating their membership about cross-cultural solidarity.

• We call on Jewish student groups in K-12 schools and colleges to consider developing

materials for their campus communities on how to identify and combat antisemitism,

hosting events alongside non-Jewish organizations, and encouraging participation across

campus at events held at Jewish venues, such as campus Hillel buildings.

Strategic Goal 3.5—Use Federal Nondiscrimination Laws to Counter Antisemitic and

Related Forms of Discrimination

Depending on the context, antisemitic discrimination may be classified as discrimination on the

basis of religion, national origin, ethnicity, or some combination of these factors. Several federal

laws prohibit discrimination on these bases, among other grounds. (For further details, see

Appendix B: Federal Civil Rights Laws Prohibiting Antisemitic Discrimination).

Government agencies that enforce such laws seek to prevent discrimination by ensuring that

these legal obligations are widely understood and observed. In addition, anti-discrimination

enforcement agencies take steps to make sure communities know how to file complaints when

they believe such discrimination has occurred. They also take action to enforce our country’s

civil rights laws. (For further details, see Appendix C: Illustrative Federal Enforcement Actions).

With respect to antisemitism and related forms of discrimination, the federal government will do

more to increase awareness of these laws and how to report alleged violations. When developing

materials on discrimination, agencies will consult with a full array of community members.

Federal outreach efforts regarding antisemitic discrimination will include diverse Jewish

organizations with attention to sectors of the Jewish community that have been

disproportionately targeted by antisemitism. Government agencies will also fully enforce these

prohibitions on discrimination.

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Executive Branch Actions

• Eight agencies—USDA, DOL, HHS, the Department of Housing and Urban

Development (HUD), DHS, DOI, the Department of Transportation (DOT), and

Treasury—will produce fact sheets explaining that Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights

Act prohibits discrimination based on shared ancestry or ethnic characteristics,

including certain forms of antisemitic, Islamophobic, and related forms of

discrimination and bias, in federally funded programs and activities. This will be the

first time these agencies have recognized in writing that Title VI prohibits such forms of

discrimination in their federally funded programs and activities. (By September 2023)

• These agencies, along with DOJ and ED, will also take other steps to increase

awareness of laws prohibiting antisemitic, Islamophobic, and related forms of

discrimination and bias and to ensure that individuals and organizations know how to

make claims regarding violations of such laws. These steps will include engaging with

entities that are prohibited from discriminating in these ways to explain their legal

responsibilities and informing communities of their rights to be free from discrimination

and how to file complaints.

(By November 2023)

• DOJ will continue and increase its efforts to educate the public and work to raise

awareness about the requirements of the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized

Persons Act (RLUIPA). (By September 2023)

• OPM will share a toolkit and facilitate learning sessions for federal unions on

countering antisemitism, Islamophobic, and related forms of bias and discrimination.

OPM will also survey federal agencies to identify agency trainings that could amplify

this strategy’s directives, and will prompt agencies to create new trainings that support

this strategy. (By November 2023)

To the extent authorized by agencies’ statutes and regulations and as appropriate, additional steps will include:

• Agencies with authorities prohibiting religious discrimination will take steps to increase awareness of those

authorities in the context of the agency’s programs, featuring examples of antisemitic, Islamophobic, and

other forms of religious discrimination.

• Agencies will ensure that examples of antisemitic, Islamophobic, and related forms of unlawful

discrimination are incorporated into existing agency materials that educate agency personnel as well as

external stakeholders about the coverage of relevant civil rights statutes and/or regulations.

• Agencies will create or update public landing pages on their websites on religious discrimination and/or

discrimination on the basis of ethnicity or shared ancestry, where relevant agency authorities and resources

will be featured.

• Once agencies have successfully resolved cases involving claims of antisemitic, Islamophobic, and related

forms of discrimination, they will make efforts to publicize the resolution of those cases as appropriate.

• Agencies will develop educational resources for Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Hindu, and other communities,

informing them of their rights to be free from discrimination and will help those communities navigate and

understand those resources.

• If agencies have the legal authority to do so, they will investigate complaints alleging antisemitic,

Islamophobic, and related forms of discrimination.

• Agencies that have existing data collections on antisemitic, Islamophobic, and related forms of

discrimination will publicize those collections as appropriate.

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• DOT, through the Federal Transit Administration, will initiate research to identify

the data available at the transit-agency level to better understand the extent to which

race, ethnicity, and religion or religious appearance impact assaults on, harassment of,

and discrimination against transit riders. (By November 2023)

• DOT’s Anti-Discrimination Subcommittee of its Aviation Consumer Protection

Advisory Committee (ACPAC) will make public recommendations to the ACPAC on

best practices or actions that can be taken by DOT, airlines, or other entities to ensure

nondiscriminatory delivery of airlines’ programs and activities to air travelers, including

with respect to the race, ethnicity, and the religious identity and practices of passengers.

(By March 2024)

• HUD will include examples of antisemitic and Islamophobic housing discrimination in

its initiative to educate young adults from high school through adulthood on their fair

housing rights. HUD will also partner specifically with Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, and other

faith-based organizations to educate young adults on their fair housing rights. (By

September 2023)

• HUD will issue a letter to the over 200 federally-funded Fair Housing Initiatives

Programs and Fair Housing Assistance Programs on countering antisemitism,

Islamophobia, and related forms of bias and discrimination in housing. The letter will

include examples of these forms of housing discrimination and outline the rights people

who experience discrimination have under the Fair Housing Act. (By May 2023)

• HHS will produce reference materials for medical schools and health care providers on

discrimination in patient care on the bases of race, religion, ethnicity, and national

origin, as well as discrimination against health care providers on the basis of their

religious beliefs or moral convictions. These materials will include specific examples of

antisemitic, Islamophobic, and related forms of bias and discrimination in health care

settings. HHS will also offer trainings on HHS’s antidiscrimination laws to medical

schools nationwide to train future health care providers. (By November 2023)

• DOD will conduct a review of existing training to identify any gaps in coverage of

antisemitic and Islamophobic conduct as a form of prohibited discrimination. (By

November 2023)

• VA will investigate the feasibility of tracking incidents of religious discrimination

against VA employees, broken down by specific religion. (By May 2024)

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We call on state and localities to review their anti-discrimination laws and other

authorities to identify all tools that can be used to address every form of discrimination

and hate-fueled violence, including antisemitism, and ensure that they are using those

authorities to the fullest extent possible.

• We call on employers to ensure that their policies and practices on discrimination and

harassment are clear and vigorously enforced. When providing examples of harassment

in company policy and training, employers should include obvious and more subtle

examples of antisemitic and related forms of harassment. When providing training on

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discrimination and implicit bias, employers should include examples involving

antisemitism.

• We call on bar associations and other legal networks to increase awareness of legal

authorities prohibiting antisemitic and related forms of discrimination, including by

convening discussions of such authorities and producing resources on them.

Strategic Goal 3.6—Promote Religious Communities’ Equitable Access to Government

Programs and Religious Accommodations

President Biden’s Executive Orders on advancing equity note that religious minorities, such as

Jews, are among the communities that have sometimes been denied the consistent and systematic

fair, just, and impartial treatment to which all individuals are entitled.

In that spirit, the

Administration will take steps to ensure that Jewish Americans receive consistent and systematic

fair, just, and impartial treatment by all levels of government.

Executive Branch Actions

• USDA will work to ensure equal access to all USDA feeding programs for USDA

customers with religious dietary needs. This will include increasing commercially

available kosher and halal foods that are priorities for Jewish and Muslim program

participants; expanding the number of kosher or halal certified foods in USDA’s food

procurement; training schools on how to meet students’ religious dietary needs for the

National School Lunch and School Breakfast programs; and expanding outreach and

technical assistance for kosher and halal meat processors. (By March 2024)

• HHS will expand its engagement with chaplains and leaders from multiple faiths to

promote increased cultural and religious competence in healthcare settings. This

includes work with chaplains and faith leaders who are involved in patient care settings

to better understand the specific needs of religious patients and staff, identify hospital

policies and practices most affecting religious patients and healthcare staff, and

synthesize the findings for doctors, nurses, and hospital administrators. (By November

2023)

• HHS will expand efforts to ensure kosher and halal foods are available in hospitals.

(By November 2023)

• VA will continue to ensure all VA hospitals accommodate kosher and halal meal

requests for inpatients and patient residents, as well as culturally appropriate nutrition

education and counseling to meet the religious dietary needs of veterans. (Ongoing)

• ED will produce or disseminate webinars for public schools on religious

accommodation requirements and best practices for addressing the needs of students

and staff members who must be absent from school in order to celebrate religious

holidays and/or engage in religious observances. (By September 2023)

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• EEOC will broadly disseminate its materials on nondiscrimination and religious

accommodations in the workplace to employers and employees, including federal

agencies, nongovernmental employers, and workplace Employee Resource Groups.

This will include the recently released EEOC fact sheet, “What To Do If You Face

Antisemitism at Work.” (By September 2023)

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We call on state and local leaders to work with Jewish and other religious communities

to ensure that calendars for public schools and elections consider the major holidays of

religious groups of all faith communities, including Jewish, Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim,

Orthodox Christian, and Sikh communities, and that appropriate religious

accommodations are made.

• We call on state and local leaders to join the federal government in increasing access to

kosher, halal, and other foods required to meet religious diets, including increasing such

access in all government-funded feeding programs.

• We call on hospitals and nursing homes to join the federal government in increasing

patient and family access to kosher, halal, and other foods required to meet religious

diets.

• We call on employers to ensure that workers know about employers’ legal duty to

accommodate workers’ sincerely held religious beliefs or practices unless the

accommodation would impose an undue hardship on an employer’s business.

• We call on bar associations and other legal networks to increase awareness of legal

authorities requiring or permitting religious accommodations for Jews and people of

other faiths, including by convening discussions of such authorities and producing

resources on them.

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Pillar 4: Build Cross-Community Solidarity

and Collective Action to Counter Hate

Antisemitism does not exist in a vacuum. While antisemitism has unique characteristics, people

who express hatred toward Jews frequently hold other biases based on actual or perceived

religion, race, ethnicity, national origin, sexual orientation, gender, or gender identity. The

perpetrators of hate-fueled attacks frequently deploy rhetoric that contains antisemitic, anti-

Black, and anti-LGBTQI+ themes. The Neo-Nazis who marched in Charlottesville in 2017

believed in a toxic brew of myriad hatreds. Those who target Jews also target women, Black,

Latino, Muslim, AANHPI, and LGBTQ+ Americans, and so many other communities. One

report found that 91% of Americans believe antisemitism is a problem for everyone, and yet, in

many instances, Jews feel as though antisemitism is ignored, discounted, or not taken as

seriously as other forms of hate and bigotry.

In the face of antisemitism, increased physical security is a vital and necessary precaution. But a

sense of security also stems from a safety net of cross-community solidarity. That is why

solidarity and mutual support across diverse communities of different backgrounds and beliefs is

crucial. It is also one of our country’s most important values. In September 2022, President

Biden hosted the United We Stand Summit, gathering together Americans who represent the full

spectrum of experience and diversity in our Nation to demonstrate solidarity against all forms of

hate.

Still, targeted communities are often too siloed in their experiences of hate and attempts to

combat it. Antisemitism and other forms of hate do not operate in isolation from each other; nor

should the communities they target. Increasing space for deeper awareness, shared empathy, and

action across communities is critical to preventing hate and building resilience in the face of

rising antisemitic and other forms of hate-motivated violence.

It is imperative that non-Jewish and Jewish communities work together and stand up for each

other in order to counter antisemitism and other forms of hate. It is essential that non-Jewish

voices continue to speak out and intensify their efforts to combat antisemitism. These partners

should reach into their own communities to explain the gravity and depravity of antisemitism,

and also address specific instances of antisemitism that may arise. A diversity of voices and

actors signals that antisemitism is not just a problem for Jews, but for all. At the same time, it is

crucial that Jewish communities continue to speak out and intensify their efforts against other

forms of hate that afflict so many different communities in America and support other

communities when they are targeted.

We must all recognize that hate against one group of Americans threatens all other groups.

Building on the United We Stand summit, the Administration will intensify its work to

strengthen allyship across targeted communities and support efforts by other governmental actors

and sectors to do the same. We will apply the lessons learned in developing this strategy to

additional efforts to counter hate against other communities, including Muslim Americans, Sikh

Americans, and other religious communities that experience hate-motivated violence and

discrimination.

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Strategic Goal 4.1—Identify and Scale the Most Effective Cross-Community, Solidarity-

Building Efforts

A key aim of those who spread hate is to turn individuals against one another based on faith,

race, national origin, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, or other factors. We

can counter these efforts by refusing to be divided. American Jewish communities have a long

legacy of building cross-community relationships characterized by meaningful connection, trust,

mutual respect, and understanding across differences. As they have throughout American history,

partnerships across diverse communities and faiths provide a foundation to counter antisemitism

and other forms of hate.

Cross-community coalitions can also respond with a unified voice against violence,

discrimination, and bias in the immediate aftermath of antisemitic incidents, including with joint

statements and other demonstrations of solidarity, coordinated community alerts, town hall

meetings, or media events, and neighborhood safety events. After antisemitic slurs were spray-

painted on a high school in Montgomery County, Maryland, in December 2022, for example,

hundreds of neighbors turned out to light a Hanukkah menorah at the school.

Governments and nongovernmental entities must work together to identify, raise awareness of,

and support the effective cross-community, solidarity-building efforts at the local and national

levels.

Executive Branch Actions

• The White House Office of Public Engagement will launch the Ally Challenge,

inviting Americans to describe their acts of allyship with Jewish, Muslim, or other

communities that are not their own. Americans will be invited to share stories about

steps they have taken to ensure that their neighbors of other races, ethnicities, religions,

sexual orientations, genders, and gender identities, do not stand alone when they face

discrimination and bias. Leaders of outstanding allyship projects will be recognized by

the White House. (By November 2023)

• The President’s Committee on the Arts and Humanities will work with national and

local leaders in the public, private and non-profit sectors to bolster social cohesion in

America, advance the well-being and resilience of all communities, including Jewish

Americans, and combat hate and targeted violence, including antisemitism. (By

November 2023)

• DOI will work through NPS to create materials to highlight how parks and public lands

are places of community and should be free of hate, discrimination, and bias. DOI’s

NPS Community Engagement Program will also develop new partnerships with Jewish

community organizations. (By March 2024)

• ED will highlight K-12 afterschool programs and university clubs that encourage multi-

faith or cross-community bonding through shared experiences. (By September 2023)

• IMLS will strengthen its funding streams to encourage libraries, archives, and museums

to leverage IMLS funding to take direct action and support cross-community solidarity

building efforts to counter antisemitism and other forms of hate. (By March 2024)

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• AmeriCorps will work with Service Year Alliance, a nonprofit that promotes national

service, to develop resources for a 2023 pilot program aimed at understanding best

practices for uniting young people across cultures, faiths, and backgrounds. (By Spring

2024)

• HHS will leverage the National Youth Sports Strategy (NYSS)

and the President’s

Council on Sports, Fitness & Nutrition

to spotlight how activities like sports, fitness,

dance, cooking, volunteering and more can build community solidarity to counter

antisemitism and other forms of hate. This will include a summer 2023 digital campaign

led by members of the President’s Council on Sports, Fitness & Nutrition encouraging

the public to share personal stories of how activities like sports or cooking have

promoted connection, inclusion, and cross-community solidarity. This will also include

a partnership with the nonprofit Football for Peace to host a soccer Peace Match in

Washington, D.C., in fall 2023, to showcase the importance of cross-community

solidarity through sports. (By November 2023)

Calls to Congress

• We call on Members of Congress to lift up exemplary cross-community partnerships to

counter hate, discrimination, and bias in their districts and highlight best practices from

those partnerships.

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We call on Jewish civil society to intensify their activities and efforts to combat hate,

discrimination, and bias faced by other communities. Local Jewish communities should

join multi-faith, interracial, cross-class coalitions and campaigns. This outreach can help

build deeper and stronger relationships both within the Jewish community and between

Jews and non-Jews who work in solidarity against hate, violence, and on other issues

affecting their communities.

• We call on communities that are the victims of hate and hate-fueled violence to join

with Jewish communities and civil society in solidarity and action against antisemitism.

• We call on states and localities to collaborate with nongovernmental partners to support

local solidarity-building projects. An example of such partnerships is New York City’s

Breaking Bread, Building Bonds initiative.

The project aims to organize 1,000 meals,

city-wide, each with a group of 10-12 diverse New Yorkers who engage in conversation

about shared values, such as hospitality. New York City is partnering with The People’s

Supper, the United Jewish Appeal-Federation of New York, and several community-

based organizations in this effort.

• We call on service and volunteer programs to partner with diverse schools, employers,

and other civil society actors to incorporate solidarity-building work into their service

activities.

• We call on civil society organizations at the national, regional, and local levels to

identify evidence-based cross-community solidarity-building efforts and work to advance

them in communities across the U.S.

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Strategic Goal 4.2—Expand and Mobilize Multi-Faith Partnerships

The First Amendment guarantees robust religious liberty protections for people of all faiths and

beliefs. The right to religious freedom has helped produce a vibrant and varied religious

landscape in the United States. Countless Americans identify as people of faith, and many are

active in houses of worship and other religious institutions or networks, including religiously-

affiliated schools, faith-based service organizations, denominational conventions and

associations, faith-based movements that advocate on public issues, and informal groups devoted

to study of scripture, prayer, and mutual support. People of different faiths often come together

to serve those in need, exchange ideas, stand in solidarity with one another, and partner on public

issues of shared concern.

Leaders of diverse faiths, for example, marched together in Selma, Alabama, against Jim Crow

segregation and in support of the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King’s call for building the

Beloved Community. They locked arms and faced down the Neo-Nazis in Charlottesville in

2017. When a gunman entered a synagogue in Colleyville, Texas, in January 2022, taking the

rabbi and three worshippers hostage, a nearby Catholic church opened its doors to the hostages’

families and Baptist and Muslim neighbors arrived to help.

When the only mosque in Victoria,

Texas, was burned to the ground in 2017 in a hate crime, the town’s sole rabbi handed mosque

leaders a set of keys to the synagogue.

Throughout American history, Baptists and Buddhists,

Jews and Jains, Mormons and Muslims, Sikhs and Seventh-day Adventists, among many others,

have stood together countless times to advance principles of justice, civil rights for all, and

tikkun olam—repairing the world.

This kind of multi-faith cooperation is essential to countering the scourge of antisemitism and

other forms of hate, discrimination, and bias. It must be expanded and strengthened at this

critical time in America’s history. Religious leaders and faith groups can and should lead the

way. However, government can play a supporting role, including by using its power to convene

and connect diverse leaders and share best practices.

Executive Branch Actions

• The White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, in

cooperation with federal agency Centers for Faith-Based and Neighborhood

Partnerships and diverse faith leaders, will produce a toolkit for faith communities on

standing in solidarity with other religious communities to combat antisemitism and

other forms of hate. (By September 2023)

• USDA will convene a dialogue with religious leaders from across rural America to

assess the state of antisemitism and highlight effective strategies to counter

antisemitism, centered on building solidarity across faiths. (By November 2023)

• The White House Office of Public Engagement and the White House Office of

Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, in cooperation with federal agency

Centers for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, will partner with diverse faith

communities to organize a week of action devoted to forming or expanding and

showcasing multi-faith partnerships aimed at countering antisemitism and other forms

of hate. (By November 2023)

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• VA will expand its chaplain partnership with Jewish, Muslim, and other chaplain

associations and facilitate local multi-faith partnerships among chaplains of diverse

faiths. (By Summer 2023)

• HHS will work with chaplains to promote and expand multi-faith partnerships in

healthcare settings. (By November 2023)

• AmeriCorps will encourage multi-faith service projects for its 9/11 Day of Service.

Through these service projects, Americans of different religions will have the

opportunity to increase understanding and work together towards common service

goals. (By November 2023)

Calls to Congress

• We call on Members of Congress of different faith affiliations to continue and expand

efforts to come together across religions and political parties to speak out against hate,

discrimination, and bias.

Whole-of-Society Calls to Action

• We encourage non-Jewish faith leaders to educate their communities about both

antisemitism and Jewish heritage, history, and culture, as well as the core American

principle that people of all faiths have equal rights to religious liberty.

• We encourage non-Jewish faith leaders to urge their communities to speak up when

they hear speech that is antisemitic or witness antisemitic discrimination.

• We encourage all faith leaders to speak out publicly—and wherever possible,

collectively—when anyone is attacked for their faith or religious identity. An attack on

one must be treated as an attack on all.

• We encourage all faith leaders to continue the long and proud tradition of calling for

full recognition of others’ civil and human rights.

• We encourage youth groups from a diverse range of religious communities to

develop and incorporate multi-faith social activities, service events, and educational

programming into their curricula.

T H E U.S . NA T I O N A L S T R A T E G Y T O CO U N T E R AN T I S E M I T I S M

The Way Forward

This strategy represents the most comprehensive and ambitious effort to counter antisemitism in

American history. We call for all actors—from the executive branch to Congress, from state and

local governments to community and faith leaders, and from civil society to the private sector—

to raise awareness about antisemitism and Jewish American heritage, safeguard Jewish

communities, reverse the increasing normalization of antisemitism, and build allyship among

diverse communities against all forms of hate. Everyone has a part to play in this effort.

This strategy sets clear goals, commits to new actions, and seeks to mobilize all of American

society to counter antisemitism. It is a catalyst and a blueprint for the work ahead.

Implementation and sustained focus on countering antisemitism is imperative if we, as a society,

are to stem the tide of this hate and protect our democracy.

The Biden-Harris Administration will take the lead to implement this strategy, particularly the

agency actions and commitments, through an ongoing interagency process, consisting of senior

officials from agencies across the federal government, led and coordinated by the White House

Domestic Policy Council and National Security Council. This interagency process will also

encourage and support the whole-of-society actions called for in this strategy. This process will

include working with bipartisan Members of Congress to pass needed legislation as well as

ongoing engagement with state, local and nongovernmental stakeholders to advance the

strategy’s calls to action. This interagency process will convene at least semi-annually at the

Principals’ level to ensure expeditious implementation.

Strengthening democracy and accountability for hate in America is the ultimate long-term

bulwark against rising antisemitism and other forms of hate. History shows that governments that

value and support diversity and in which citizens feel empowered is one of the strongest

antidotes to antisemitism, hate, and conspiracy theories.

We will continue to deliver for communities in our broader efforts to restore trust in government

and protect democracy. We will continue to invest in strengthening the pillars, mechanics, and

culture of democracy in America. We will continue to ensure that the large economic, private,

and socio-cultural institutions that shape American life—from the tech sector to finance to

media—are held accountable and serving the interests of ordinary people. The Administration

will continue to invest in and promote civic virtues and urge all Americans to respect each other

as fellow citizens.

Our country’s culture of pluralism is one of our most cherished assets. We were founded on the

idea that our whole is stronger than the sum of our parts. E pluribus unum: out of many, one.

This strategy represents a detailed plan to counter antisemitism in America as well as a

foundation to tackle other forms of hate in our society, and to protect our greatest strength: our

democracy.

T H E U.S . NA T I O N A L S T R A T E G Y T O CO U N T E R AN T I S E M I T I S M

Appendix

APPENDIX A:

New York City Training — “Understanding Jewish Experiences and

Antisemitism.”

In April 2022, New York City (NYC) released a training called, “Understanding Jewish Experiences

and Antisemitism,” to develop cultural competence and understanding of its diverse Jewish

communities.

The training introduces diverse Jewish cultures and religious practices, outlines ways to effectively

understand and respect Jewish identity, and distills the protections of the NYC Human Rights Law.

One part of the training provides in-depth education on the experiences and customs of NYC’s

Hasidic and other traditional Orthodox communities, who have disproportionately borne the brunt of

recent antisemitic violent attacks.

NYC developed the training in partnership with local community groups. It has trained city

employees, public officials, law enforcement, teachers, and others with this material. The training

has also been used by thousands of NYC nonprofits, companies, schools, faith communities, and

other institutions.

APPENDIX B:

Federal Civil Rights Laws Prohibiting Antisemitic Discrimination

Federal civil rights laws prohibiting antisemitic discrimination include:

• Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination in certain places of public

accommodation on the basis of a person’s race, color, religion, or national origin. Places of

public accommodation include hotels, restaurants, retail establishments, theaters, concert

halls, and sports arenas.

• Title III of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of a person’s race,

color, religion, or national origin in public facilities such as parks, libraries, auditoriums, and

prisons.

• Title IV of the 1964 Civil Rights Act protects students in public schools and colleges from

discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin.

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• Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination based on race, color, or

national origin in programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance. These

protections have been interpreted to extend to individuals who have experienced

discrimination, including harassment, based on their actual or perceived (i) shared ancestry

or ethnic characteristics, or (ii) citizenship or residency in a country with a dominant religion

or distinct religious identity. Thus, Title VI prohibits discrimination based on race, color, or

national origin against individuals of any religion, such as those who are Jewish, Christian,

Muslim, Sikh, Hindu, or Buddhist, where the discrimination involves, for example:

o Racial, ethnic, or ancestral slurs or stereotypes;

o How a student looks, including skin color, physical features, or style of dress that

reflects both ethnic and religious traditions; and

o A foreign accent, a foreign name, or speaking a foreign language.

• Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of

race, color, religion, sex, and national origin by employers with fifteen or more employees.

This prohibition on religious discrimination requires employers to provide reasonable

accommodation of workers’ religious practices, unless doing so would place an undue

hardship on the business.

• The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination because of race, color, religion, or national

origin, among other grounds, in the sale, rental, advertising, or financing of housing.

• The Equal Credit Opportunity Act prohibits discrimination in the extension of credit based

on a person’s race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, or age, among other

grounds.

• The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) protects individuals,

houses of worship, and other religious institutions from discriminatory or unduly

burdensome zoning and other land use laws. This law also protects the right to free exercise

of religion for institutionalized persons.

APPENDIX C:

Illustrative Federal Enforcement Actions

In August 2022, the Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights determined that an Arizona

school district violated Title VI by failing to respond appropriately to notice of ongoing antisemitic

harassment of a student by numerous classmates, both in school and on social media for over five

months. The harassment included antisemitic slurs and disparaging remarks about the student’s

Jewish heritage. In the resolution agreement, the school district promised to address the student’s

academic and counseling needs; revise its policies and procedures to address the fact that Title VI’s

prohibition against harassment includes harassment based on Jewish ancestry; and train staff on

these issues.

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In September 2022, the Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights found that peer

harassment that included mimicking “Heil Hitler” salutes and drawing Swastikas on photographs of

students’ faces created a hostile environment that another Arizona school district had notice of and

failed adequately to address. To remedy the violations, the district agreed to provide support and

remedies to affected students, conduct a climate assessment regarding harassment, review and revise

policies to address harassment, train staff including regarding implicit bias, and provide

developmentally appropriate educational programs for students about how to recognize and report

harassment.

In April 2023, the Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights resolved an investigation of

the University of Vermont’s responses to allegations of antisemitic incidents that targeted Jewish

students. The investigation confirmed that the University’s responsive steps were delayed; not

designed to rectify concerns communicated to the University, including regarding the existence of a

hostile environment; and may have discouraged students and staff from raising further concerns

with the University regarding antisemitic harassment. To resolve the investigation, the University’s

commitments include reviewing and revising policies and procedures to include a description of

forms of discrimination that can manifest in the university environment, training university staff and

leadership on the Title VI prohibition against harassment based on national origin, and submitting

for Federal review copies of case files of complaints of antisemitism.

In October 2022, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission filed a suit against emergency

transport companies located in Greenwood Village, Colorado, alleging that they violated federal law

by discriminating and retaliating against a nationwide class of applicants and employee first

responders with sincerely-held religious beliefs that required them to wear beards, in conflict with

these companies’ policy against facial hair. The class members include individuals who are Jewish,

Sikh, and Baptist.

In March 2021, DOJ announced an agreement with the Township of Toms River, New Jersey, to

resolve allegations that the Township violated the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons

Act (RLUIPA) by severely restricting where houses of worship could locate within its jurisdiction.

T H E U.S . NA T I O N A L S T R A T E G Y T O CO U N T E R AN T I S E M I T I S M

Endnotes

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). “FBI Releases Supplement to the 2021 Hate Crime Statistics.” March 13,

2023. https://www.fbi.gov/news/press-releases/fbi-releases-supplemental-2021-hate-crime-statistics.

US Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Antisemitism in History: From the Early Church to 1400.”

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-from-the-early-church-to-1400.

“Director Wray Addresses ADL at Never Is Now Summit.” November 10, 2022.

https://www.fbi.gov/news/speeches/director-wray-addresses-adl-never-is-now-summit-111022.

ADL. “Antisemitic Attitudes in America: Conspiracy Theories, Holocaust Education and Other Predictors of

Antisemitic Belief.” March 17, 2023.

https://www.adl.org/resources/report/antisemitic-attitudes-america-conspiracy-theories-holocaust-education-and-

other.

US Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Antisemitism in History: From the Early Church to 1400.”

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-from-the-early-church-to-1400.

Library of Congress. “From Haven to Home: 350 Years of Jewish Life in America.”

https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/haventohome/haven-century.html.

Public Broadcasting Service. “The Lynching of Leo Frank.” August 17, 2021.

https://www.pbs.org/wnet/exploring-hate/2021/08/17/today-in-history-the-infamous-trial-of-leo-frank/.

US Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Antisemitism in History: The Era of Nationalism, 1800-1918.”

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-the-era-of-nationalism-1800-

1918?series=30.

Greenberg, Susan H. “Intellectuals at the Gate.” Inside Higher Ed. September 21, 2022.

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Tablet Studios. “Gatecrashers.” 2022. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/gatecrashers/id1640617083.

Public Broadcasting Service. “The Father Coughlin Story.” March 9, 2022.

https://www.pbs.org/wnet/exploring-hate/2022/03/09/today-in-history-the-father-coughlin-story/.

US Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Charles Lindbergh Makes ‘Un-American’ Speech.”

https://newspapers.ushmm.org/events/charles-lindbergh-makes-un-american-speech.

Whitman, James Q. “Hitler’s American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law.” Princeton

University Press. February 21, 2017.

https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691172422/hitlers-american-model.

Gross, Daniel A. “The U.S. Government Turned Away Thousands of Jewish Refugees, Fearing that They were

Nazi Spies.” Smithsonian Magazine. November 18, 2015. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/us-government-

turned-away-thousands-jewish-refugees-fearing-they-were-nazi-spies-180957324/.

FBI. Ibid.

ADL. “Audit of Antisemitic Incidents 2022.” March 23, 2023.

https://www.adl.org/resources/report/audit-antisemitic-incidents-2022.

Bauder, David. “What is ‘great replacement theory’ and how does it fuel racist violence?” Associated Press.

May 16, 2022.

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/what-is-great-replacement-theory-and-how-does-it-fuel-racist-violence.

Eshed, Tom. “Antisemitism in the United States: A Critical Look at the Data, Monitoring, and Measurement.”

INSS. October 13, 2021. https://www.inss.org.il/publication/antisemitism-data/.

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ADL. “Audit of Antisemitic Incidents 2021.” May 3, 2022.

https://www.adl.org/resources/report/audit-antisemitic-incidents-2021; ADL. “Audit of Antisemitic Incidents 2022.”

March 23, 2023. https://www.adl.org/resources/report/audit-antisemitic-incidents-2022.

ADL. “Online Hate and Harassment: The American Experience 2022.” June 20, 2022.

https://www.adl.org/resources/report/online-hate-and-harassment-american-experience-2022.

Ehsan, Rakib. “Weaponizing COVID-19: Far-Right Antisemitism in the United Kingdom and United States.”

Henry Jackson Society. 2020.

https://henryjacksonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HJS-COVID-19-Far-Right-Report.pdf.

The Department of Justice. “Raising Awareness of Hate Crimes and Hate Incidents during the COVID-19

Pandemic.” May 20, 2022. https://www.justice.gov/file/1507346/download. Page 11.

Associated Press, “Antisemitic Celebrities Stoke Fears of Normalizing Hate.” December 4, 2022.

https://www.politico.com/news/2022/12/04/antisemitic-celebrities-stoke-fears-of-normalizing-hate-00072073.

National Archives, “From George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island,

18 August 1790.” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0135.

The White House. “Statement from White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre on Inter-Agency Group to

Counter Antisemitism.” December 12, 2022.

https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/12/12/statement-from-white-house-press-

secretary-karine-jean-pierre-on-inter-agency-group-to-counter-antisemitism/.

Claims Conference. “First-Ever 50 State Survey on Holocaust Knowledge of American Millennials and Gen Z

Reveals Shocking Results.” September 16, 2020. https://www.claimscon.org/millenial/study/.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Report to Congress: Never Again Education Act (February 1, 2023).

“Rosen-led Never Again Education Act Signed into Law.” May 29, 2020.

https://www.rosen.senate.gov/2020/05/29/rosen-led-never-again-education-act-signed-into-law/.

Lee, Matthew and Beck, Molly. “Assessing the Impact of Holocaust Education on Adolescents’ Civic Values:

Experimental Evidence from Arkansas.” EDRE Working Paper 2019-08. March 25, 2019.

https://scholarworks.uark.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1074&context=edrepub.

Gonzales, Matt. “Combating Antisemitism in the Workplace.” Society for Human Resource Management.

February 1, 2022. https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/behavioral-competencies/global-and-cultural-

effectiveness/pages/combatting-antisemitism-in-the-workplace.aspx.

The White House. “Executive Order on Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility in the Federal Workforce.”

June 25, 2021. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/06/25/executive-order-on-

diversity-equity-inclusion-and-accessibility-in-the-federal-workforce/.

Huffnagle, Holly & Bandler, Kenneth. “The State of Antisemitism in America 2022: Insights and Analysis.”

April 14, 2023. https://www.ajc.org/news/the-state-of-antisemitism-in-america-2022-insights-and-analysis.

Freilich, Joshua and Steven Chermak. “Hate Crimes.” June 2013.

https://popcenter.asu.edu/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/problems/pdfs/hate_crimes.pdf.

Stening, Tanner. “Why Hate Crimes are Underreported and What Police Departments have to do with It.”

Northeastern Global News. August 23, 2021. https://news.northeastern.edu/2021/08/23/why-hate-crimes-are-

underreported-and-what-police-departments-have-to-do-with-it/.

Huffnagle, Holly & Bandler, Kenneth. Ibid.

“Associate Attorney General Vanita Gupta Issues Statement on the FBI’s Supplemental 2021 Hate Crime

Statistics.” March 13, 2023. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/associate-attorney-general-vanita-gupta-issues-

statement-fbi-s-supplemental-2021-hate-crime.

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Von Mering, Sabine. “The Dark Side of Social Media: How it Fuels Antisemitism.” May 13, 2022.

https://www.brandeis.edu/jewish-experience/social-justice/2022/may/antisemitism-social-media.html.

See https://www.dhses.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2023/04/2023-nys-tvp-strategy.pdf;

https://dod.hawaii.gov/ohs/files/2022-HAWAII-TARGETED-VIOLENCE-PREVENTION-

STRATEGY_FINAL.pdf;

https://ciacco.org/default.aspx?MenuItemID=63&MenuSubID=23&MenuGroup=Public+Home&AspxAutoDetectC

ookieSupport=1#:~:text=The%20Colorado%20Preventing%20Targeted%20Violence,targeted%20violence%20withi

n%20the%20state.

The White House. “Executive Order on Reducing Gun Violence and Making Our Communities Safer.” March 14,

2023. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/03/14/executive-order-on-reducing-gun-

violence-and-making-our-communities-safer/.

For more, see

https://acl.gov/programs/strengthening-aging-and-disability-networks/advancing-care-holocaust-survivors-older.

AJC. “The State of Antisemitism in America 2022.” 2023. https://www.ajc.org/AntisemitismReport2022.

Heschel, Abraham Joshua. “The Reason for My Involvement in the Peace Movement.” Moral Grandeur and

Spiritual Audacity. pp. 224-6. 1997. ISBN: 037419980.

Duffy, Claire. “Tech Layoffs are hitting Ethics and Safety Teams.” CNN. April 6, 2023.

https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/06/tech/tech-layoffs-platform-safety/index.html.

Porter & Wood. “The global effectiveness of fact-checking: Evidence from simultaneous experiments in

Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom.” July 21,

2021.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2104235118; Brodsky et. al. “Improving college students’ fact-checking strategies

through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” March 31, 2021.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00291-4.

ADL. “Audit of Antisemitic Incidents 2022.” March 23, 2023.

https://www.adl.org/resources/report/audit-antisemitic-incidents-2022.

ADL. “The ADL-Hillel Campus Antisemitism Survey: 2021.” October 20, 2021.

The ADL-Hillel Campus Antisemitism Survey: 2021 | ADL.

Hersh, Eitan. “Jewish College Students in America.” Jim Joseph Foundation. August 2022.

https://jimjosephfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/HERSH_REPORT-11.1.22.pdf.

U.S. Department of Education. “U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights Resolves Investigation

Addressing the University of Vermont’s Responses to Allegations of Antisemitic Incidents.” April 3, 2023.

https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-department-educations-office-civil-rights-resolves-investigation-

addressing-university-vermonts-responses-allegations-antisemitic-incidents.

Santola, Danielle. “Anti-Semitic Drawings Discovered at Livingston Schools for Fifth Time in Four Months.”

TAP into Livingston. December, 22, 2022. https://www.tapinto.net/towns/livingston/sections/education/articles/anti-

semitic-drawings-discovered-at-livingston-schools-for-fifth-time-in-four-months.

Asbury, Nicole. “Montgomery County schools toughen penalties after more antisemitic incidents.”

The Washington Post. February 22, 2023.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/02/22/antisemitism-montgomery-county-schools/.

ADL. “Audit of Antisemitic Incidents 2022.” March 23, 2023.

https://www.adl.org/resources/report/audit-antisemitic-incidents-2022.

U.S. Department of Education. Ibid.

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Executive Order 13985, “Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the

Federal Government” (January 20, 2021) and Executive Order 14091, “Further Advancing Racial Equity and

Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government” (January 16, 2023).

AJC. Ibid.

Pollak, Suzanne. “Hundreds Gather to Declare Jews Are Welcome in Montgomery County.” Montgomery

Community Media. December 19, 2022.

https://www.mymcmedia.org/hundreds-gather-to-declare-jews-are-welcome-in-montgomery-county/.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. “About the

National Youth Health Strategy.” May 25, 2022. https://health.gov/our-work/nutrition-physical-activity/national-

youth-sports-strategy/about-national-youth-sports-strategy.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. “President’s

Council on Sports, Fitness & Nutrition.” October 29, 2021. https://health.gov/our-work/nutrition-physical-

activity/presidents-council.

New York City Commission on Human Rights. “NYC Commission on Human Rights Launches Timely New

Training to Understand Jewish Experiences and Antisemitism.” April 13, 2022.

https://www.nyc.gov/assets/cchr/downloads/pdf/press-releases/jewish-new-yorkers-training-press-release.pdf.

The White House. “Remarks by President Biden at the National Prayer Breakfast.” February 3, 2022.

https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/02/03/remarks-by-president-biden-at-the-

national-prayer-breakfast/.

U.S. Department of Justice. “Texas Man Sentenced to Almost 25 Years for Hate Crime in Burning Down Mosque

in Victoria, Texas.” October 17, 2018. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/texas-man-sentenced-almost-25-years-hate-

crime-burning-down-mosque-victoria-texas.

U.S. Department of Justice “Justice Department Settles Claims Against Toms River, New Jersey Over Zoning

Code that Restricts Houses of Worship.” March 10, 2021. Justice Department Settles Claims Against Toms River,

New Jersey Over Zoning Code That Restricts Houses of Worship | OPA | Department of Justice.