Information Systems Education Journal (ISEDJ) 11 (1)
ISSN: 1545-679X February 2013
©
2013 EDSIG (Education Special Interest Group of the AITP) Page 63
www.aitp-edsig.org /www.isedj.org
Flipping Excel
Mark Frydenberg
Computer Information Systems Department
Bentley University
Waltham, MA 02452
Abstract
The “flipped classroom” model has become increasingly popular in recent years as faculty try new
ways to engage students in the classroom. In a flipped classroom setting, students review the lecture
online prior to the class session and spend time in class working on problems or exercises that would
have been traditionally assigned as homework. The ability to easily create and consume multimedia
on personal computers, tablets, smart phones, and personal media players, and the increased
availability of web-based tools for collaboration and communication are two factors that contribute to
the popularity of the flipped classroom. This paper presents an implementation of the flipped
classroom pedagogy in a first-year introductory Information Technology course, specifically focusing
on how these techniques were used to facilitate students’ experiences learning Excel concepts. A
survey given to students in three sections of the course suggests that students found the instructional
methods captured their interests, challenged them, and contributed to their learning.
Keywords: flipped classroom, inverted classroom, Excel, active learning, undergraduate education
1. INTRODUCTION
The flipped (or inverted) classroom has become
a popular pedagogy in secondary and tertiary
education for teaching science, mathematics,
and other courses. In a flipped classroom,
students watch or listen to recordings of class
lectures on their computers, tablets, smart
phones, or personal media players outside of
class, leaving class time to engage in learning
activities that might otherwise be assigned as
homework. (Knewton.com, 2011)
Bergman and Sams (2012) are often credited
with operationalizing the flipped model in their
high school science classroom in 2007 when
they recorded narrations of their PowerPoint
presentations as podcasts for students who
missed class. The use of electronic equipment to
record classroom lectures, however, has been
found as early as 1977. Gibbons, Kincheloe, and
Down (1977) reported that tutored videotape
instruction through the use of “unrehearsed,
unedited video tapes of regular classroom
courses, which can be produced at very low
cost” (Gibbons, Kincheloe, & Down, 1977, p.
195) enhances student learning. Among their
reasons cited, students can review the tapes at
their own pace and listen again to those sections
that present important or complex concepts.
Day (2008) introduced the term “web lectures”
to refer to “multimedia presentations that
integrate talking head and torso video, audio,
lecture slides, table of contents, and navigation
controls, which are made available via the web
(streaming or download)” (Day, 2008, p. 3).
The subject of the web lecture is not rehashed in
the classroom but rather extended or applied to
allow for new learning opportunities.
This paper reports on an implementation of the
flipped classroom in an introductory Information
Technology classroom through the use of
student-generated screencasts (screen video
recordings) that demonstrate spreadsheet
Information Systems Education Journal (ISEDJ) 11 (1)
ISSN: 1545-679X February 2013
©
2013 EDSIG (Education Special Interest Group of the AITP) Page 64
www.aitp-edsig.org /www.isedj.org
techniques and concepts. A student survey
suggests that students embraced this
instructional model and the classroom
interactions it enabled. This paper focuses on
developing techniques for structuring a flipped
classroom to teach spreadsheet concepts and
shares student reactions related to engagement
after participating in this active learning
experience.
2. VARIATIONS IN IMPLEMENTING
THE FLIPPED CLASSROOM
Several recent studies (Day, 2008; Strayer,
2007; and Demetry, 2010) have focused on the
effectiveness of the flipped classroom on student
learning and the additional opportunities for
collaboration and problem solving that it
enables.
The literature shows several variations in how
individual instructors flip their own classrooms.
Many instructors record their own lectures (or
have them recorded), while instructors of
mathematics, science, history, finance, and
other disciplines frequently make use of some of
the 2600 videos from Khan Academy
i
as
resources for their flipped classrooms. (Houston
& Lin, 2012) Rather than providing video
lectures, Demetry (2010) provides lecture notes
for students to read lecture notes at home prior
to the class session. This helps meet the goal of
increasing “time on task” to complete course-
related activities. Student teams check in by
responding to “clicker questions” to report their
progress as they work on the exercises.
Day and Foley note that web lectures are
“purposefully kept at around 20 minutes in
length to help maintain the attention of the
viewer.” (Day & Foley, 2006, p. 196) They
remark that the same material would likely take
twice as long to deliver in the classroom because
there are no interruptions for questions or
announcements.
Given the documented effectiveness of the
flipped classroom model on learning across
disciplines and grade levels and the variety in
methodologies for implementing it, these
research questions emerged for creating a
flipped environment in the Information
Technology classroom:
• Will students find peer-generated
screencasts an effective method for
demonstrating spreadsheet concepts?
• Will students of a variety of academic
abilities embrace the flipped classroom
model?
• Can a flipped classroom experience also
encourage students to use web-based
collaboration tools?
3. FLIPPING EXCEL IN THE
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASSROOM
IT 101 (Introduction to Information Technology
and Computing Concepts) is an introductory IT
course required of all first year students at
Bentley University, a business university located
in Waltham, MA, USA. During the Spring 2012
semester, the author taught three sections of
the course to academically varied groups of
students:
• a day honors section, for students enrolled
in the honors program, chosen because of
their high scholastic abilities;
• a day accelerated section, offered to
students who self-selected to be this
section because of their interest in
technology; and
• an evening section, open to all full-time
and part-time students.
The evening section had a mix of 35 traditional
and older students and met once per week for
150 minutes, while the honors and intensive
sections each had 24 students and met for two
75-minute sessions each week.
The course covers digital literacy topics, basic
web development, maintaining laptops, wireless
networking, and current web trends.
Approximately ten of the 24 class meetings each
semester introduce beginning and intermediate
Excel topics, so when considering how to
implement a flipped classroom approach in
IT101, flipping Excel seemed to be a promising
choice. For the day sections which met twice
weekly, most Mondays were designated as Excel
days, and Wednesdays were spent covering
other course content. In the evening section,
usually the first half of class was spent on other
course content, and the second half of class
spent on Excel topics in the flipped classroom
approach. The only reason for teaching Excel
during the latter half of a night class was a
practical one: after completing the group
exercise, students could leave at the end of
class.
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The content, structure, and exams for all three
sections were virtually identical. The honors and
accelerated sections had more involved
assignments than the evening students, and
these students often brought in external
readings for class discussion. The graded Excel
assignments were the same, both in class and
out of class, for all three sections. The depth of
discussion, number and variety of questions,
motivation of students, and degree of help and
explanations that the instructor provided varied
greatly between the sections.
All students must complete exercises from a
textbook companion web site to demonstrate
their mastery of the course topics. Students
submit their completed assignments online and,
soon afterward, receive an automated report
summarizing their scores and indicating which
steps are correct. Students have up to five
attempts to complete these exercises; their
highest score counts toward their final grade.
Prior to the flipped classroom approach, the
instructor would explain Excel concepts in class
or demonstrate a tutorial from the textbook
during class as students tried to follow along on
their laptops. They would then go home to
complete the mastery exercises.
In the flipped approach, when students watch
the instructional videos before class, there is no
in-class demonstration or lecture by the
instructor. Students immediately get to work
completing an in-class group activity. Also, the
instructor is readily available to help students
complete these exercises; whereas at home,
students are on their own or need to visit the
tutoring lab or the instructor at a later time if
they require assistance in order to complete the
assignments.
These guidelines influenced the implementation
of the flipped IT 101 classroom, whose 75-
minute sessions usually followed this structure:
• five minutes: welcome and
announcements
• five minutes: quick quiz based on videos
• five minutes: explain in-class activity
• 40 to 45 minutes: complete the in–class
activity in groups
• 15 to 20 minutes: debrief, where each
group shares what they did, how they
solved a problem, problems they
encountered
This structure creates an active learning
experience where “learners participat[e] in
open-ended, learner-centered activities that
involve practical, meaningful application of the
concepts of interest; collaborative problem
solving and opportunities for public/personal
articulation and reflection are also important”
(Day, 2008, p. 27).
Creating Screencasts
For this study, the instructor reached out to
student tutors in the CIS department’s learning
lab to create two or three instructional
screencasts per chapter for IT 101 students to
watch. Tutors worked with the instructor to
identify and discuss content for the videos.
Their work as tutors during previous semesters
or their own experience learning Excel
themselves in IT 101 made them uniquely
qualified to create the instructional videos. They
were familiar with, and therefore able to address
many frequently asked questions on Excel
topics. There were no limitations as to style or
format of the videos; students could be as
creative as they wished. The only requirements
were that each video included a common title
graphic identifying its topic and a request to
keep the length to between seven and ten
minutes, as previous research in student-created
podcasts has shown this duration to be within
the attention span of first-year college students.
(Frydenberg, 2008)
Students used a variety of free web tools to
create their videos
ii
, posted their videos to a
common YouTube channel and embedded them
on a web site available to all IT 101 students.
iii
Videos were usually posted the week prior to
when students would complete activities based
on them during class.
Quick Quizzes for Evaluation
Most classes began with a quick five-question,
five-minute, multiple-choice quiz based on the
week’s videos. The instructor used Blackboard, a
learning management system, to administer the
quizzes online so that they could easily be
timed, and automatically graded.
Quizzes motivated students to watch the videos
because each counted a small amount toward
final grades. The quizzes also helped learners
check their understanding of key concepts prior
to doing the hands-on, in-class activity, and as
such bridged the gap between the outside-the-
classroom learning and inside-the-classroom
application of that learning.
Information Systems Education Journal (ISEDJ) 11 (1)
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Four of the questions on each quiz were related
to spreadsheet concepts or techniques explained
in the video. One question was always based on
the video itself, designed such that students
watched the video would remember the answer.
For example, in a video about creating graphs,
the data being graphed included information
about popular songs, and the student who
created the video creatively included a short
audio clip of the Macarena at the start of the
video. A question on the quiz asked “What song
was playing at the start of the video?” The
assumption is that students who watched the
video would remember this, even if they did not
understand anything about the spreadsheet
lesson that the video was trying to convey.
Collaboration and Just-In-Time Learning in
the Classroom
Students worked in groups of three to six
(depending on class size and configuration) to
complete the in–class exercises. The two day-
sections of the class met in an experimental
collaborative classroom, where students sat in
groups of four at large tables equipped with a
shared computer and keyboard, and a large
screen monitor, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Flipping in a Collaborative Classroom.
In the evening section, students met in a lecture
style lecture classroom. They worked in groups
of three, rearranging their chairs to see their
partners, or forming clusters to support their
collaboration efforts, as shown in Figure 2.
In cases where students could not see each
other’s screens, they use join.me
iv
to share their
screens with each other. Students also used
join.me to share their screens with the
instructor’s podium computer so that it could be
projected for all the class to see as they
discussed their accomplishments during the
debriefing portion of the class.
Figure 2. Flipping in a Lecture Style Classroom.
During the in-class group activity, the instructor
would walk around the room from group to
group answering questions and providing
assistance. Sometimes if several groups had the
same problem or needed to learn the same
concept, the instructor would call a time out and
provide just in time explanations of the key
concept needed to continue the lesson.
The Reader, the Doer, and the Checker
Each in-class activity was designed so students
could take on each of three roles in their groups:
the reader, the doer, and the checker.
v
The
reader and the checker would load the
description of the exercise on their laptops. The
reader would read aloud the required task or
step to the doer; the doer would try to do the
step, and the checker would help the doer (if
necessary, or able) and confirm that the doer
completed the step correctly. Students
alternated roles of reader, doer, and checker
while completing the assignment so that each
student could experience each of the roles at
least once during the exercise. These roles
provided a structure for the groups to begin
their work together.
The rationale for creating these roles is as
follows:
• by speaking the words aloud, the reader
has the opportunity to use the language of
Excel when communicating with the doer
and the checker;
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• the doer has to listen and follow the
instructions, and isn’t distracted by
switching screens or looking on a printed
sheet with instructions to see what to do
next;
• the reader and the checker can provide
assistance to the doer if necessary, and
the checker is responsible for making sure
the step looks good before the group
continues to the next step.
The first task in each assignment instructed
students to create a worksheet with the names
of their group members. Instructions generally
decreased in detail as the activity progressed in
order to promote problem solving. In this way,
steps are task-based rather than keystroke
based, so students are learning how to solve a
problem, without being caught up in the details
of what to click or select next.
Students worked in the same groups throughout
the semester and created a shared folder on
Dropbox
vi
to easily access their group’s work
products. The in-class activities were not graded
per se, but students received credit for
completing them, and lost credit if they did not.
Students who were absent had 48 hours to
complete the assignments individually outside of
class in order to receive credit. Students had to
electronically submit their own individual copy of
the file that their group created in order to
receive credit. A portion of an in-class activity is
shown in Appendix I.
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
To determine the impact of flipping the IT
classroom, the author offered a voluntary online
survey at the end of the Spring 2012 semester
to all 66 students (40 male, 26 female) enrolled
in three academically diverse sections of IT 101
(22 Honors, 17 Accelerated, 27 Evening). All
sections were taught by the same instructor
using the same outside-of-class instructional
videos and the same in-class activities. The
survey asked students for their reactions after
participating in ten flipped classroom sessions on
learning Microsoft Excel concepts.
Student Reaction to the Flipped Classroom
Approach
Students found the flipped classroom for
teaching spreadsheet concepts to be challenging
and engaging. They would like to see this
methodology implemented in their other classes.
Said one student: “I would absolutely
recommend this [approach] for all future IT 101
classes. I also feel as if this style of learning
would be complementary to any sort of
introductory calculus class and/or writing and
literature classes. I am a strong proponent of
this style of learning and feel as if it can be even
more effective than lecturing when used
properly and in a structured manner.”
Taking time to complete the in-class activities
was beneficial to most students. When asked if
they would have otherwise completed the in-
class activities as homework in addition to the
regular homework, most students, across all
sections, said they would not, as shown in Figure
3.
Figure 3. Value of Completing Learning
Activities in Class
It is surprising that most of the supposedly
“better students” in the Honors and Accelerated
sections would not do the homework and
encouraging that some of the evening students
are conscientious enough to say they would
complete it.
Effectiveness of Role Playing
Figure 4(a). Student learning through
explanations.
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The evening students, more so than honors or
accelerated students, claim they learn better
when someone explains to them what to do, as
suggested by the results in Figure 4(a). This
may be because the honors and accelerated
students are used to reading more.
This result is in line with students finding that
taking on roles of reader (explainer), doer, and
checker, add value to their learning experience,
as shown in Figure 4(b). These roles allow
students to interact with spreadsheet concepts
through speaking, listening and responding, and
watching.
Figure 4(b). Effectiveness of Flipped IT
Classroom Student Roles
Social Awareness in the Flipped Classroom
This implementation of the flipped classroom
also promoted social awareness, camaraderie,
and a spirit of cooperation among group
members and their classmates, across all three
different sections, as the survey results in Figure
5 (a-c) suggest:
Figure 5(a). Interest in other group activities
Figure 5(b). Flipping and Personalization
Figure 5(c). Social Awareness Factors in the
Flipped Classroom
It is interesting to note that especially in the
evening section, which had the largest class size
(35), students found the flipped classroom a
way to make the class seem more personal.
One student remarked that the composition of
the groups is important, saying “My group was
very helpful and each of us contributed equally
which is probably why I liked the group
assignments so much. If I were in a lazy group,
my opinion probably would have been
considerably different.
Comparing Perception of Flipped and
Traditional Classroom Experiences
As shown in Figure 6, the majority of students
from all sections felt that the flipped classroom
helped them learn the material better or much
better than had they been in a traditional
classroom.
A student remarked: “Figuring out the
assignments as a group on our own was just so
much more engaging and helpful in learning the
material, that I really don't know how a
traditional classroom lecture of the material
would be able to compare.”
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Figure 6. Student Perception of Flipped
Classroom.
After completing their first flipped classroom
activity, students were asked to email their
responses to “How are you feeling right now?” to
the Instructor. Many expressed sentiments of
frustration and accomplishment, such as this:
“There were parts of the assignment that
were frustrating, but I think I got more out
of it than I would have gotten out of a
lecture because you had to actually know
how to do the different steps and if you
didn’t know you had to learn it.”
Instructional Screencast Videos
Across the different sections, there was not
significant variation in why students watched the
videos, as shown in Figure 7. The majority knew
they would be quizzed and wanted good grades,
others wanted to be prepared for the in-class
exercises that followed.
As shown in Figure 8 the majority of students
across all sections felt it was possible to convey
a single concept in a video of seven to ten
minutes.
Creating the videos for IT 101 students to watch
turned out to be a worthwhile activity for the
student tutors. One commented, “I had a great
time working on the videos for the Excel
tutorials! I not only had the opportunity to learn
about new Excel concepts in detail but was also
able to practice those I had already mastered
through my own IT 101 experience.”
The videos were also made available to sections
of IT 101 taught by different instructors. There
were 14 sections of IT 101 in the spring, most
with 30 to 35 students, for a total of
approximately 400 students taking the class
across all sections. YouTube shows that some of
the videos had as many as 240 views,
suggesting that over half of the IT 101 students
across all sections that semester watched them.
Figure 7. Reasons for watching screencasts
outside of class.
Figure 8. Clarity of Screencast videos.
Role of Instructor
Many students noted the role of the instructor
had changed from a lecturer to a mentor who
walked around the room and was available to
help each group to provide “just-in-time”
information about specific concepts or skills on
an as- needed basis.
There were six groups of four students in each
day section, and as many as ten groups of three
or four students in the evening section.
Several of the honors and accelerated students
shared the sentiments of one who noted that
putting the instructor in this role brought about
“a more catered learning experience without
ignoring any students, and the teacher was able
to push the important material without wasting
time on what could be called filler material.”
An evening student commented that “due to the
large number of groups [in his section of the
class], this method [of the instructor rotating
among groups] was somewhat inefficient, and
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each group would have to wait their turn for
assistance. Often groups may have had the
same question.”
5. LESSONS LEARNED
Key elements to this implementation to the
flipped classroom were the screencasts to be
watched before class, the quizzes which
provided an incentive for watching them, and
the in-class exercises and debriefing time.
The tutor-created instructional screencast videos
were well received, as evidenced by the number
of views they received on YouTube. The videos
were made available across several sections of
IT 101 (not just those of this instructor). Some
of the videos received over 200 views. Given
that approximately 400 students were registered
for the class across all sections, this suggests
that approximately half of the students saw at
least some of the videos. The tutors who created
these videos developed a list of best practices
for doing so in the future. These include zooming
in on just the section of the spreadsheet that is
being featured so it is more easily visible, setting
up as much as possible beforehand so that the
video can focus only on key concepts, and
creating a script to follow when recording the
demonstrations. Keeping the length of the
videos short was also helpful in being able to
locate the desired content. Some videos will be
redone in future semesters to improve their
quality.
Students seemed to relate better to videos
created by their peers in the learning lab than to
those that accompanied the textbook. Students
found the professional videos to be much more
thorough and lacking personality.
Several of the in-class activities required
students to interact with open data sets that
they found online.
vii
This allowed them to
explore data on topics of interest and made the
exercises more relevant. Data available from
online data markets
viii
often are larger and more
complex than sample files that accompany
textbook exercises and can be well suited for
activities on filtering, formatting, or sorting.
Another student had his group look at data on
the spread of HIV
ix
, commenting that this data
would also be useful in his sociology class. This
data set, and most data from
http://data.worldbank.org is nicely formatted for
creating spark lines.
A smaller class size and a classroom with tables
rather than rows of fixed seating is more
conducive for implementing a flipped classroom.
The ability for the instructor to circulate among
the students is crucial to their success.
6. SUMMARY
The paper presents guidelines for and student
reactions to one implementation of a flipped
classroom for teaching Microsoft Excel.
Students in three academically different sections
of IT 101 experienced the flipped classroom.
This approach provides an active learning
exercise in class that engages students with the
material, as well as each other. There were few
differences across honors, accelerated, and
evening students when it came to student
perceptions of the flipped classroom, reasons for
watching videos, and social awareness brought
about by the implementation of the flipped
classroom described in this paper. This suggests
that this active learning approach is accessible
to all introductory students. The only thing that
differed was the instructor’s involvement in
providing assistance to the student groups.
The structure of the flipped IT classroom
described in this paper and the in-class activities
also enabled students to learn about web-based
collaboration tools for file and screen sharing
and online open data repositories. While the
paper does not claim an increase in student
learning over a traditional classroom, anecdotal
remarks from students suggests that they
learned the material through watching the
instructional videos before class and completing
in-class exercises and found the experience
more engaging than listening to an in-class
lecture.
6. REFERENCES
Bergmann, J., & Sams, A. (2012, April 15). How
the Flipped Classroom Is Radically
Transforming Learning. Retrieved June 1,
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http://www.thedailyriff.com/articles/how-
the-flipped-classroom-is-radically-
transforming-learning-536.php
Brown, J. S., & Duguid, P. (1998). The
University in the Digital Age. In B. L.
Hawkins, & P. Battin, The Mirage of
Continuity: Reconfiguring Academic
Information Resources for the 21st Century
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(pp. 39-60). Washington, D.C.: Council on
Library and Information Resources.
Day, J. (2008). Investigating Learning with Web
Lectures . Georgia Institute of Technology.
Day, J., & Foley, J. (2006). Evaluating Web
Lectures: A Case Study from HCI.
Proceedings of CHI 2006 (pp. 195-200).
Montreal: Association for Computing
Demetry, C. (2010). Work in Progress - An
Innovation Merging "Classroom Flip" and
Team-Based Learning. Proceedings of the
40th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education
Conference (pp. TI1-3). Washington, DC:
ASEE/IEEE.
Frydenberg, M. (2008). Principles and Pedagogy:
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Gibbons, J., Kincheloe, W., & Down, K. S. (1977,
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1146.
Houston, M., & Lin, L. (2012). Humanizing the
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Proceedings of Society for Information
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Knewton.com. (2011, August 29). The Flipped
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http://www.knewton.com/flipped-classroom/
Mentch, M. (2010, May 6). The Classroom Flip:
Harnessing Technology to Support New
Instructional Approaches to In-Class Activity
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from YouTube: http://youtu.be/mwY9WZS-
Sng
Strayer, J. (2007). The Effects of the Classroom
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Comparison of Learning Activity in a
Traditional Classroom and a Flip Classroom
that Used an Intelligent Tutoring System.
Educational Theory and Practice. Columbus,
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Waguespack, L. (2008). The Tinkertoy™
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Editor’s Note:
This paper was selected for inclusion in the journal as a ISECON 2012 Meritorious Paper. The
acceptance rate is typically 15% for this category of paper based on blind reviews from six or more
peers including three or more former best papers authors who did not submit a paper in 2012.
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Appendix I
Sample In-Class Activity (Creating Charts)
Work together in small groups to complete this assignment. Take turns being the reader, doer, and
checker. The reader reads an instruction aloud while the doer completes it in Excel. The checker helps
the doer if the doer needs help and confirm that each step is completed correctly. Help each other out,
look up how to do things in the book if you’re not sure, and if you’re still stuck, ask me!
1. Visit http://data.worldbank.org/. Navigate to Data, then Indicators and explore the data sets that
are available.
2. Select a data set of interest that has at least 5 years’ worth of values. For example:
x Mobile phone subscriptions per 100 people
x Internet usage
x Vehicles per km/road
3. Download the data. Import it into Excel.
4. Create a worksheet named Group Members. Include the names of the members of your group.
5. Examine your data. If there are a lot of empty columns from early years, hide or delete them.
Keep at least 10 years’ worth of data.
6. Create spark lines for the data. Add spark line markers.
7. Filter the data to display only those countries that begin with the letter A.
8. Create a new sheet named “A countries.”
9. Copy row 1 (the header row), and the all of the rows for all of the countries that begin with A to a
new sheet.
10. Create a line chart showing all of the data on one graph, where each line is a different country.
x Label the horizontal and vertical axes
x The legend should go at the bottom
x The legend labels should be the country abbreviations
x Horizontal axis should show the years
x Your graph should have a title
x Find a thematically appropriate image for the background of your chart
x Place the chart on its own worksheet
11. Change the filter to display another subset of the data that you choose.
12. Copy the header row and all of the data to a new sheet.
13. Create a bar chart for the last 4 years of available data. Add appropriate labels, legends, titles,
and formatting styles to your chart. Place the chart on its own worksheet.
14. Place the file in a Dropbox folder shared with the members of your group so that each group
member will have access to this file on their own computers. Each group member should submit
the (same) file to Blackboard to get credit for completing this assignment.
Information Systems Education Journal (ISEDJ) 11 (1)
ISSN: 1545-679X February 2013
©
2013 EDSIG (Education Special Interest Group of the AITP) Page 73
www.aitp-edsig.org /www.isedj.org
Endnotes
i
Khan Academy hosts over 2600 instructional videos at http://khanacademy.org.
ii
Most student tutors used Screencast-o-matic.com (http://screencast-o-matic.com) to create their
screencasts, and then edited their videos using Windows Live Movie Maker. Screenr
(http://screenr.com) , GoView (http://goview.com) , and Jing (http://www.techsmith.com/jing.html)
are also popular free tools for creating screencasts.
iii
To view the instructional videos that student tutors created for this project, visit
http://cis.bentley.edu/sandbox/index.php/resources/excel/
iv
Join.Me (http://join.me) is a free screen sharing application.
v
Waguespack (2008) describes the roles of guide, builder, and judge that students take on during in-
class modeling experiments. He pointed out the similarities with the roles of reader, doer, and checker
introduced here for completing small group exercises.
vi
Dropbox (http://dropbox.com) is a free cloud storage application that allows users to synchronize
and share files across multiple devices.
vii
Open data refers to data sets available for reuse without copyright restriction. For example, the US
Government set up http://data.gov in 2009 as a way to share government data and provide
transparency. Several cities, states, and countries have followed suit with similar open data sites.
viii
Providing Data as a Service is a growing industry as companies such as http://factual.com,
http://infochimps.com, and http://datamarket.com manage and provide large data sets as raw data
or via APIs for developers to include in mobile and web applications. Some data is also available for
download in CSV or other formats that Excel can recognize and import.
ix
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.AIDS.ZS
