Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights
The General Conference,
Conscious of the unique capacity of human beings to reflect upon their own existence and on their environment, to
perceive injustice, to avoid danger, to assume responsibility, to seek cooperation and to exhibit the moral sense that
gives expression to ethical principles,
Reflecting on the rapid developments in science and technology, which increasingly affect our understanding of
life and life itself, resulting in a strong demand for a global response to the ethical implications of such developments,
Recognizing that ethical issues raised by the rapid advances in science and their technological applications should be
examined with due respect to the dignity of the human person and universal respect for, and observance of, human
rights and fundamental freedoms,
Resolving that it is necessary and timely for the international community to state universal principles that will provide a
foundation for humanity’s response to the ever-increasing dilemmas and controversies that science and technology
present for humankind and for the environment,
Recalling the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10 December 1948, the Universal Declaration on the Human
Genome and Human Rights adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 11 November 1997 and the
International Declaration on Human Genetic Data adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 October
2003,
Noting the United Nations International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 16 December 1966, the United Nations International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 21 December 1965, the United Nations Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women of 18 December 1979, the United Nations Convention on
the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989, the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity of 5 June 1992,
the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities adopted by the General Assembly
of the United Nations in 1993, the UNESCO Recommendation on the Status of Scientific Researchers of 20 November
1974, the UNESCO Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice of 27 November 1978, the UNESCO Declaration on the
Responsibilities of the Present Generations Towards Future Generations of 12 November 1997, the UNESCO
Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity of 2 November 2001, the ILO Convention 169 concerning Indigenous and
Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries of 27 June 1989, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food
and Agriculture which was adopted by the FAO Conference on 3 November 2001 and entered into force on 29 June
2004, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) annexed to the Marrakech
Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization, which entered into force on 1 January 1995, the Doha
Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health of 14 November 2001 and other relevant international
instruments adopted by the United Nations and the specialized agencies of the United Nations system, in particular the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO),
Also noting international and regional instruments in the field of bioethics, including the Convention for the Protection
of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine:
Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine of the Council of Europe, which was adopted in 1997 and entered into
force in 1999, together with its Additional Protocols, as well as national legislation and regulations in the field of
bioethics and the international and regional codes of conduct and guidelines and other texts in the field of bioethics,
such as the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association on Ethical Principles for Medical Research
Involving Human Subjects, adopted in 1964 and amended in 1975, 1983, 1989, 1996 and 2000 and the International
Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects of the Council for International Organizations
of Medical Sciences, adopted in 1982 and amended in 1993 and 2002,
Recognizing that this Declaration is to be understood in a manner consistent with domestic and international law in
conformity with human rights law,
Recalling the Constitution of UNESCO adopted on 16 November 1945,
Considering UNESCO’s role in identifying universal principles based on shared ethical values to guide scientific and
technological development and social transformation in order to identify emerging challenges in science and
technology taking into account the responsibility of the present generations towards future generations, and that
questions of bioethics, which necessarily have an international dimension, should be treated as a whole, drawing on the
principles already stated in the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights and the International